This series focuses on the art of Gustav Doré and started by looking at his illustrations for John Milton’s 17th-century epic poem “Paradise Lost.” In this next article, Satan has just finished rallying the rebel angels after they fell to hell. He calls out to them, shames them, and reinvigorates their passion to resist God. At first, he speaks only to one rebel angel, but it’s not long before one turns into many, and his troops begin to regain the strength to continue their mission.
So numberless were those bad angels seen Hovering on wing under the cope of Hell ‘Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires; Till, as a signal giv’n, th’ uplifted spear Of their great Sultan waving to direct Their course, in even balance down they light On the firm brimstone, and fill all the plain … Forthwith from every squadron and each band The heads and leaders thither haste where stood Their great Commander … Though of their names in Heav’nly records now Be no memorial, blotted out and razed By their rebellion, from the Books of Life (Book I, Lines 344–350, 361–363)
Following the Leader
Gustav Doré’s illustration lets us look deeper into Milton’s passage. In it, he depicts a legion of rebel angels flying through hell like a flock of crows over billowing smoke that frames both sides of the composition. Only Satan, who leads the pack, and some rebel angels following closely behind can be identified as individuals. Otherwise, the rebel angels merge together into one swirling presence.
The Beginning of Tyranny
He spake: and to confirm his words, out flew Millions of flaming swords, drawn from the thighs Of mighty Cherubim; the sudden blaze Far round illumined Hell: highly they raged Against the Highest, and fierce with grasped arms Clashed on their sounding shields the din of war, Hurling defiance toward the vault of Heav’n (Book 1, Lines 663–669)Arguably, this uniformity and lack of individuality can lead to tyranny. In Milton’s passage, Satan continues to talk to the rebels and unifies them under a single thought: Hate and defy God and heaven. Nowhere do the rebel angels take a moment to rationally think for themselves; they are but shadows of Satan’s tyrannical intentions.
Doré creates a highly energetic scene for this passage from Milton. Seven rebel angels are silhouetted on top of a cliff, where they blow trumpets. The rest of the rebel angels hear the call and come from all over. Many leap into the scene galloping on horses, and those in the distance light the darkness of hell with their flaming weapons.
With Milton’s earlier description of Satan as a “Commander,” Doré depicts Satan and the rebel angels militarily: Satan leads, impassions, gives orders, and the rebel angels yell in confirmation of their commander’s words as they prepare to return to battle.
The Tyrant Takes His Throne
The rebel angels help build an empire in hell that seems to be an inversion of heaven, giving perverted credence to the ancient phrase “as above, so below.” The empire, Pandeamonium—a title that embodies the effects of Satan’s intentions—is where Satan takes his place as the ruler of hell.
Meanwhile the winged heralds by command Of sov’reign power, with awful ceremony And trumpets’ sound throughout the host proclaim A solemn council forthwith to be held At Pandaemonium, the high capital Of Satan and his peers: their summons called From every band and squared regiment By place or choice the worthiest … High on a throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind (Book 1, Lines 752-759; Book 2, Lines 1-2)Here, Doré depicts Satan taking his throne inside a grand palace at Pandaemonium. The spotlight is on Satan, who stands in front of his throne and raises his arm in a gesture symbolic of his power in hell. Many rebel angels come to worship and adore him, and they await his counsel.
Unchecked Evil Becomes the Object of Admiration
To me, it represents the idea that if we don’t safeguard ourselves from evil, evil will grow so strong within us that we will begin to justify its presence and even admire and extoll it. We are unable to think rationally and calmly while possessed by an evil state of mind. The fact that such a state causes us so much pain is lost on us. Losing a sense of our individual selves, we may even confuse this state for who we really are, or refuse responsibility for our actions because of its hold on us.
In this state, we become subjects of a tyrannical force within ourselves, and our only defense for our actions can be that we are or were following orders. But we are much more than this, are we not?