Even before a child learns to read, a quick biological test may be able to identify if she or he will have literacy challenges or learning disabilities.
The study, published in PLOS Biology, centers on the child’s ability to decipher speech—specifically consonants—in a chaotic, noisy environment. Preliterate children whose brains inefficiently process speech against a background of noise are more likely than their peers to have trouble with reading and language development when they reach school age, the researchers find.
This newfound link between the brain’s ability to process spoken language in noise and reading skill in pre-readers “provides a biological looking glass into a child’s future literacy,” says study senior author Nina Kraus, director of Northwestern University’s Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory.
“There are excellent interventions we can give to struggling readers during crucial pre-school years, but the earlier the better,” says Kraus, a professor of communication sciences, neurobiology, and physiology in the School of Communication. “The challenge has been to identify which children are candidates for these interventions, and now we have discovered a way.”
Noisy Places
Noisy environments, such as homes with blaring televisions and wailing children, loud classrooms or urban streetscapes, can disrupt brain mechanisms associated with literacy development in school-age children.
The new study, which directly measured the brain’s response to sound using electroencephelography (EEG), is one of the first to find the deleterious effect in preliterate children. This suggests that the brain’s ability to process the sounds of consonants in noise is fundamental for language and reading development.
Speech and communication often occur in noisy places, an environment that taxes the brain. Noise particularly affects the brain’s ability to hear consonants, rather than vowels, because consonants are said very quickly and vowels are acoustically simpler, Kraus says.
“If the brain’s response to sound isn’t optimal, it can’t keep up with the fast, difficult computations required to process in noise,” Kraus says. “Sound is a powerful, invisible force that is central to human communication. Everyday listening experiences bootstrap language development by cluing children in on which sounds are meaningful.
“If a child can’t make meaning of these sounds through the background noise, he won’t develop the linguistic resources needed when reading instruction begins.”
Brains in Action
In the study, EEG wires were placed on children’s scalps, which allowed the researchers to assess how the brain reacted to the sound of the consonants. In the right ear, the young study participants heard the sound ‘da’ superimposed over the babble of six talkers. In the left ear, they heard the soundtrack of the movie of their choice, which was shown to keep them still.
“Every time the brain responds to sound it gives off electricity, so we can capture how the brain pulls speech out of the noise,” Kraus says. “We can see with extreme granularity how well the brain extracts each meaningful detail in speech.”
The researchers captured three different aspects of the brain’s response to sound: the stability with which the circuits were responding; the speed with which the circuits were firing; and the quality with which the circuits represented the timbre of the sound.
Using these three pieces of information, they developed a statistical model to predict children’s performance on key early literacy tests.
30-Minute Test
In a series of experiments with 112 kids between the ages of 3 and 14, Kraus’ team found that their 30-minute neurophysiological assessment predicts with a very high accuracy how a 3-year-old child will perform on multiple pre-reading tests and how, a year later at age 4 he or she will perform across multiple language skills important for reading.
The model proved its breadth by also accurately predicting reading acumen in school-aged children, in addition to whether they'd been diagnosed with a learning disability.
“The importance of our biological approach is that we can see how the brain makes sense of sound and its impact for literacy, in any child,” Kraus says. “It’s unprecedented to have a uniform biological metric we can apply across ages.”
The team will continue to follow these children in its “Biotots” project as they progress through school.
Source: Northwestern University. Republished from Futurity.org under Creative Commons License 4.0.
