Researchers from Melbourne University have discovered how Australia’s Christmas beetles moderate their body temperature through the use of their colourful hard-shell.
There are approximately 36 species of Christmas beetle in Australia and the colour of different species’ “elytra” or hard shell can vary widely. The body temperature of some small animals like insects is directly dependent on their environment and even small changes can impact their fitness.
Christmas beetles are most active from December through to January, which in Australia is the summer period, featuring high temperatures, strong sunlight, and low humidity. In this climate, poor heat regulation could force these beetles to search for shelter instead of a mate, resulting in extinction.
Researchers suggest the beetles may use their shells to not only protect them from sunlight through reflection but also by trapping heat.
The Structure of the Elytra
In an email to The Epoch Times, one of the researchers conducting the study, PhD student Laura Ospina-Rozo said that the elytra can vary in both colour and structure.“Indeed, most of the palette and variation in appearance in Christmas beetles’ elytra, is created by the nanostructures in their hard shells,” said Ospina-Rozo
She said that there was an air-gap between the elytra and the body.
“The air gap, also known as sub-elytral cavity, is formed between the body and the elytra. The second pair of wings are commonly found folded inside this cavity,” she said.
“Their properties could also alter the heat transfer from the elytra towards the body.”
Paul Cooper, the editor-in-chief of the Australian Journal of Zoology and lecturer at the Australian National University, told The Epoch Times that different species’ elytra structures vary slightly.
Cooper said most Christmas beetles had similar round-shaped elytra.
“If someone was going to study this, they'd need to do a more thorough study on the morphological characteristics of the elytra and how the wings are folded underneath,” he said.
“Because the wings of beetles actually have a little hinge, and they fold under the elytra and the elytra protect the wings from damage.”
How it Keeps the Bugs Cool?
Although previous studies have looked at the elytra’s capacity to reflect light, not much was known about how elytra may absorb and transmit it.They study examined 28 species of Christmas beetles, which had elytra in a range of different colours, including black, pearlescent white and gold, iridescent red, and green.
This experiment demonstrated that there are small but significant heating differences between elytra of varying colours, and that the body heats up less when covered by the elytra. The researchers also discovered that the amount of light absorbed by the elytra varies broadly between different species and that absorption occurs through a combination of reflection and transmittance.
Researchers are now investigating Christmas beetles living in warmer climates, which are exposed to more solar radiation, higher temperatures, and smaller amounts of vegetation cover. They intend to determine whether most species of the beetle use the same technique for thermoregulation or individual species develop varying techniques in accordance with their habitat.
What About the Colour of the Shell?
Ospina-Rozo said that from an optics or materials perspective the elytra’s colour is directly related to how much light it can reflect or transmit.“Our aim was to prove that the differences in colour are enough to cause a difference in temperature,” Ospina-Rozo said.
“Some species may take advantage of this phenomenon for thermoregulation, but others may not.”
“Additional ecological and behavioural data remains to be collected to determine which species have evolved their colours for thermoregulation, camouflage or any other biological advantages,” she said, noting that colour may be used for multiple purposes for some species.
Meanwhile, Cooper said that colours could simply be a case of helping beetles recognise their species for reproduction.
“They do use pheromones to ensure that males recognize the females, but there can be mistakes made,” he said.
“That source of coloration is kind of one of these tricky things, people like to think that why we see colors are important, but it may be different things for the insects themselves.”