Do empires build trade routes or do trade routes build empires? Have the United States and Russia been locked in an economic rivalry since the 1860s? Was World War I triggered by international grain trade and the desire of Russia to control Constantinople?
“Oceans of Grain: How American Wheat Remade the World,” by Scott Reynolds Nelson, examines these questions and much more. It is a study of grain, its trade routes, and the impact grain trading has had throughout history. Bread is the staff of life. Nelson follows it from prehistory to the present.
Nelson’s theme is simple: Food production drives history. Abundance or absence creates or destroys empires, fuels economic and technological growth, and drives world history. Grain is the most important food. Storable and transportable, it can also be used to create more food, especially meat. The two biggest breadbaskets are the Ukrainian and American plains. There were others, but none as productive.
Nelson opens by showing how trading Ukrainian grain predated civilization, following oxcart trails across the Ukrainian steppes. Disease also followed these trails. Grain trading led to cities, which required food. Empires grew to ensure grain flowed. This led to bigger cities. These grew until reset by plague. The cycle then repeated itself. This pattern was followed from ancient Greece to Catherine the Great’s Russia. Russia grew rich exporting its grain to Western Europe starting in the 18th century.
Nelson also shows how the growth of the United States affected this cycle. It produced a source of grain rivaling and surpassing the production of the Russian plains. America was more productive not just because of its soil but also because its free-market economy encouraged innovation and productivity. Following the Civil War, America powered past Russia. Despite the longer supply chain, its grain was cheaper.
The results are presented by Nelson. Grain dramatically dropped in price. Port cities exploded in importance. European nations—Britain, France, Germany, and Italy—industrialized, deemphasizing agriculture, using American and Russian grain to feed factory workers. Wars were won feeding troops imported grain. European grain powers, including Austria-Hungary, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, lost wealth to American competition. Industrialized nations, especially Britain and Germany, became dependent on imported grain. Nelson asserts that pressure to protect food lines led to World War I.
“Oceans of Grain” is provocative. Well-researched and readable, Nelson has written a book that will fascinate both professional historians and regular folk.
This article was originally published in American Essence magazine.
