The report, led by Dr. Karima Lelak, a pediatrician at the Children’s Hospital of Michigan, assessed isolated melatonin ingestions among children, adolescents, and young adults aged 19 and under between Jan. 1, 2012–Dec. 31, 2021.
Melatonin is a hormone that the brain produces in response to darkness and which plays an important role in sleep. It is sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement or sleep aid in the United States in a range of doses for both adults and children.
Researchers used the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS), a poisoning surveillance database, to track reports made during the 10-year period.
They found that accidental poisonings with melatonin among people 19 and under increased 530 percent from 2012 to 2021, from 8,337 in 2012 to 52,563 in 2021, while 260,435 pediatric melatonin ingestions were reported to the NPDS, of which 27,795 children required treatment in a health care facility.
Of those who needed treatment, 19,892 were discharged, 4,097 were hospitalized, and 287 required intensive care.
“Among all melatonin ingestions, 4,555 (1.6 percent) resulted in more serious outcomes,” researchers wrote. “Five children required mechanical ventilation, and two died.”
Both deaths occurred in children aged 2 and under (3 months and 13 months) and occurred in the home. One ingestion involved intentional medication misuse while the authors noted that the reason for the other death is unknown.
Researchers said 94.3 percent of the poisonings were unintentional, involved male children under 5, and 99 percent occurred in the home and were managed on-site.
A total of 82.8 percent of children were asymptomatic although symptoms reported to NPDS included those involving the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, or central nervous systems.
According to the study, the largest yearly increase (37.9 percent) occurred from 2019 to 2020. In 2021, pediatric melatonin ingestions accounted for 4.9 percent of all pediatric ingestions, compared with 0.6 percent in 2012.
“Increasing use of over-the-counter melatonin might place children at risk for potential adverse events,” the study authors wrote. “Public health initiatives should focus on raising awareness of increasing numbers of melatonin ingestions among children and on the development of preventive measures to eliminate this risk.”
They found that use of the hormone increased from 0.4 percent of the survey respondents in 1999 to 2000 to 2.1 percent in 2017 to 2018. Meanwhile, starting in 2005, survey respondents began reporting the use of doses greater than five milligrams per day, with that high dose use more than tripling over the period studied, from 0.08 percent of study participants in 2005–2006 to 0.28 percent in 2017–2018.
Owing to its increasing popularity, children are at increased risk for melatonin exposure.
“To address this, manufacturers require increased controls to ensure melatonin supplements meet both their label claim, and also are free from contaminants, such as serotonin,” researchers of that study wrote.
CDC reporters noted three limitations to their study: the fact that the data submitted to the poison control center is voluntary and may underestimate actual exposures, leading to “selection and information bias”, the inability to confirm the accuracy of each case reported to the poison control center and the lack of patient medical records or medical examiner reports to accompany the reports, and no confirmation that a death was due to the toxic effects of melatonin ingestions or because of previous underlying health conditions.
