Beijing’s refusal to abide by the letter and spirit of its World Trade Organization (WTO) membership over the two decades since its admission to that body call for a shift in strategy on the part of countries that respect and seek to enforce the rules, experts say.
A Pattern of Ongoing Violations
For many observers, Beijing is guilty not just of incidental violations of the terms of its membership, but of a general approach to trade and labor that is antithetical to the WTO’s rules and founding principles.“When China joined the WTO, it agreed to join a global trade organization predicated on tenets of private enterprise-led, market-based rules governed trade, in accordance with the foundation principles of non-discrimination, reciprocity, and transparency,” said Stephen Ezell, vice president for global innovation at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation.
“And China has never been further away than it is today from generally adhering to those principles. They’re as far away as they’ve ever been.”
In spite of the expectation and requirement that Chinese authorities not interfere directly or indirectly in the commercial decisions of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), they are subject to Chinese Community Party (CCP) oversight.
Membership in the WTO would, in theory, lead to a sharp reduction in the number of SOEs and their prevalence in China’s industrial output, but the actual trend is closer to the opposite. The report charts the growth of the SOE sector both in market capitalization and in total numbers, and notes that as of 2019, of the 109 Chinese firms listed in the Fortune Global 500, 93 were SOEs. The prevalence of SOEs has been particularly marked in the banking sector, where state-owned and state-controlled banks predominate, the report notes. SOEs enjoy an array of advantages over private firms in areas ranging from taxation to the availability and terms of loans.
“The continuing prevalence of state-owned enterprises is a very clear example of China not adhering to rules,” Ezell said.
Other areas of noncompliance involve subsidies to agricultural businesses and forced technology transfers. Under WTO rules, a member must notify the organization of the provision of a subsidy in a timely manner, but Beijing has failed to do so and didn’t even provide notification of provincial-level subsidies until 2019, Ezell said.
The phenomenon of forced technology transfers is even more concerning, he said. When non-Chinese corporations seek to compete in the Chinese market, they often have no choice but to reveal sensitive and proprietary trade technology and secrets to their competitors in China as part of the process. Ezell cited Kawasaki Rail Car and Siemens as two examples of foreign firms that had to divulge the technology involved in their high-speed rail systems when seeking entry to China.
“They were forced to give away their technology and find themselves competing against Chinese companies [using their technology] a couple of years later in global markets,” Ezell said.
A related problem that has drawn international attention is Beijing’s lack of respect for commonly understood rules and protocols governing intellectual property, he said. Chinese firms have brazenly misappropriated the IP of foreign competitors, a practice that has only gotten worse over time in the face of the outcry against it.
“Despite repeated CCP assurances that this practice would abate, it continues to proceed apace. In every tech industry, from biotechnology to aerospace to telecom equipment, China is engaged in state-sanctioned IP theft. That is fundamentally antithetical to the commitment China made when it joined the WTO,” Ezell said.
Ezell described IP theft as not just the work of a few random actors, but as a government-sanctioned approach specifically aimed at giving SOEs an advantage in violation of WTO rules and international law.
A Big Mistake
For some observers, the record of widespread, chronic, and ongoing violations affirms the sense they had at the time that discussions took place regarding China’s WTO admission two decades ago.“Twenty years ago, I wrote an article in the Wall Street Journal saying I didn’t think we should let China into the WTO because they wouldn’t meet their obligations. They clearly have not,” said Thomas J. Duesterberg, a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute.
The question isn’t whether China’s presence in the WTO can be justified, but how to respond to the violations in the face of the failure of sanctions to pressure Beijing to modify or end its more egregious practices, he said.
Scrapping sanctions may not be the right reaction. At this juncture, Duesterberg believes, allied democratic nations must continue to apply pressure.
“We can enforce the rules as we see them, and the Trump administration was pretty strong on that. The Biden administration has not lifted any of the tariffs on China just yet, so we need to keep the pressure on,” Duesterberg said.
“It’s worth trying to reform the WTO and to put stronger rules in place, especially on subsidies and digital trade.”
But such reforms, while desirable, may not go far enough. He sees a crucial role for alternative trade agreements and systems with a regional character.
Such a trade alliance may prove more effective in the end than even a retooled WTO, where internal dissensions on the China question have at times posed a hurdle for effective reforms.
“The U.S. has been talking to Europe and Japan, but the Europeans have been very reluctant to take a strong stance against China, and to get new rules into the WTO is a tall order because normally it requires a very high degree of consensus,” Duesterberg said. “The Chinese will never agree to it, and they have allies they have bought off or pressured to side with them.”
Hence, the utility of a new alliance, such as the CPTPP, in which China’s influence can’t block effective reforms. The United States needs to work on this issue with like-minded powers such as the UK, Canada, Australia, and Japan, which aren’t afraid to denounce the Beijing regime’s practices, he said.
“But if we can get the Europeans to be stronger proponents of being tough on China, that would be great too,” he added.
A NATO for Trade
Ezell said he sees potential for a trade, economic, and security network of like-minded nations to push back against the CCP’s abusive policies and practices. What NATO is for national defense, this network would be for global trade. Ezell gave an example of how this system would work in practice.“When we find Chinese companies that are continuing to engage in IP theft, we should collectively deny those Chinese companies access to all markets in this partnership,” he said. “We can have a NATO for trade, countries that would act collectively when enterprises are harmed by Chinese behavior, to impose serious consequences and collectively strengthen the high standards for market-based trade.”
