Pope Back on Respirator After 2 Episodes of Acute Respiratory Failure

Francis is being treated with noninvasive mechanical ventilation, with the Vatican saying his prognosis remains ‘guarded.’

Pope Francis at the Vespers prayer service to celebrate the conversion of St. Paul, at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, in Rome, on Jan. 25, 2025. Yara Nardi/Reuters

Pope Francis suffered two episodes of “acute respiratory insufficiency” on March 3 and has been placed back on noninvasive mechanical ventilation, the Vatican announced, a setback in the pontiff’s ongoing battle with respiratory complications.

According to a March 3 statement from the Holy See Press Office, the episodes were caused by a “significant accumulation of endobronchial mucus and consequent bronchospasm,” which led to breathing difficulties. The pope underwent two bronchoscopies to remove large secretions obstructing his airways.

The Vatican confirmed that noninvasive mechanical ventilation was resumed in the afternoon to stabilize his condition. The pope, 88, who remains under constant medical supervision, was described as “alert, oriented, and cooperative at all times.” Doctors called his prognosis “guarded.”

The pope’s blood test results have remained stable, showing no signs of infection or leukocytosis—an elevated white blood cell count that could indicate a new infection. Instead, medical experts suggest that the mucus buildup is a lingering effect of the pneumonia that has plagued him in recent weeks.

The cause of the two respiratory attacks was the reaction of the bronchi, which tried to expel the accumulated mucus to eliminate bacteria, according to the Vatican statement. Describing the pope’s clinical condition as “complex,” the Vatican said that further crises like the ones that took place on March 3 are possible.

Pope Francis has long battled respiratory issues; in his youth, he underwent surgery to remove part of one lung because of a severe pulmonary infection. His history of bronchial complications has made him particularly vulnerable to pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses.

His recent hospitalization, which began nearly three weeks ago, was prompted by pneumonia in both lungs. Doctors have since warned that his recovery remains precarious, given his advanced age and preexisting conditions.

On Feb. 18, the Vatican described his condition as “complex” based on laboratory tests, thoracic X-rays, and clinical assessments. By Feb. 22, officials stated that he remained in critical condition and was “not out of danger.”

On March 1, the Vatican said the pope was continuing to receive noninvasive mechanical ventilation and long periods of supplemental high-flow oxygenation to support his breathing but that his condition was stable.

The Vatican has pledged to provide further updates as the situation develops. Global leaders and religious figures have offered prayers and well wishes.

Francis officially began his papacy on March 17, 2013.