Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi and his Syrian counterpart, Bashar al-Assad, signed a “strategic cooperation” agreement in Damascus on May 3, during the first trip to Syria by an Iranian head of state since 2011.
Raisi is being accompanied on the two-day visit by a high-ranking delegation that includes the Iranian ministers of foreign affairs, defense, energy, and telecommunications.
Soon after Raisi’s arrival, the two leaders held plenary talks at Assad’s presidential palace in Damascus, according to Syria’s SANA news agency.
“Syria–Iran relations have remained firm despite severe political and security challenges that engulfed the Middle East,” SANA cited Assad as saying at the meeting.
Raisi responded by saying that Syria had “surpassed all these difficulties and achieved victory, despite the threats and sanctions imposed on you.”
According to the news agency, the two leaders signed a series of bilateral agreements, including one for “long-term strategic cooperation” between the two countries.
Iran's President-elect Ebrahim Raisi speaks during his first press conference in Tehran on June 21, 2021. The hard-line cleric was declared the winner of Iran's election, replacing moderate Hassan Rouhani. Atta Kenare/AFP via Getty Images
Syria Still Under ‘Occupation’
During the first years of the Syria conflict, much of the country fell under the sway of “rebel” groups—Damascus calls them “terrorists”—backed by the West, Turkey, and the Arab Gulf States.But since 2015, the Syrian government, with Russian and Iranian help, has managed to reassert control over most Syrian territory.
However, the United States and its local allies—the self-styled “Syrian Democratic Forces”—still maintain a sizeable military presence in northeastern Syria.
According to Washington, this military presence, which includes roughly 900 U.S. troops, is necessary to prevent the resurgence of the ISIS terrorist group.
Said to be an Al-Qaeda offshoot, ISIS overran broad swaths of Syria—and Iraq—in 2014. It was largely eradicated by 2019, prompting then-President Donald Trump to withdraw most U.S. troops from Syria.
NATO member Turkey maintains a presence in the country’s northwest, which it says is needed to safeguard its border from Kurdish militant groups.
Damascus and Tehran both regard the continued presence of U.S. and Turkish forces as “illegal occupations” and have repeatedly called for their departure from Syrian territory.
A fighter of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) stands atop a Humvee during a joint military exercise with forces of the U.S.-led "Combined Joint Task Force-Operation Inherent Resolve" coalition against the ISIS group in the countryside of the town of al-Malikiya (Derik in Kurdish), Hasakah Province, Syria, on Sept. 7, 2022. Delil Souleiman/AFP via Getty Images
Raisi Extols ‘Deep, Strategic’ Ties
On the eve of his trip to Damascus, Raisi described Iran–Syria relations as “deep and strategic,” noting that his visit aimed to further consolidate ties.He also stressed Tehran’s readiness to help rebuild Syria’s shattered infrastructure following more than a decade of conflict.
“This process should begin as soon as possible, as displaced persons return to their country and normal conditions [in Syria] are reestablished,” Raisi said in televised comments cited by Iran’s IRNA news agency.
Noting that Iran had backed Syria throughout the conflict, he claimed that the United States and Israel had “hoped Syria would collapse and that they would break the frontline of the resistance.”
Israel carries out frequent attacks on Syrian territory, which it claims target Iranian military assets deployed in the country.
In February, an Israeli rocket attack near Damascus reportedly killed several Iranian military experts.
Since its establishment in 1948, Israel—long seen as a key U.S. ally—has fought three major conflicts with Syria.
Israel and Syria have never had diplomatic relations and technically remain in a state of war.
Smoke billows following an Israeli airstrike targeting south of Damascus, Syria, on July 20, 2020. STR/AFP via Getty Images
Former Foes Seek Reconciliation
With Assad now firmly ensconced in power, several regional countries that had previously shunned Damascus are now calling for reconciliation.On May 1, the foreign ministers of Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan met with their Syrian counterpart to draw up a “roadmap” for ending the 12-year-old conflict.
Held in the Jordanian capital of Amman, the meeting also discussed means of reestablishing diplomatic ties between Damascus and several Arab capitals.
It was the first such meeting since 2011, when the Cairo-based Arab League agreed to suspend Syria’s membership in the pan-Arab organization.
Last month, the Syrian and Saudi foreign ministers agreed to resume consular services and commercial flights between their countries.
In March, Saudi Arabia agreed to resume diplomatic ties with Iran—in a deal brokered by the regime in Beijing—following a seven-year hiatus.
Turkey also hopes to reconcile with Syria after more than a decade of mutual hostility.
Next week, the Turkish, Syrian, and Iranian foreign ministers will meet in Moscow for landmark talks, Turkey’s top diplomat said on May 3.
The goal of the Moscow-hosted talks is an eventual summit between Assad and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
