As tensions rise in the East China Sea and around Taiwan amid escalating activity by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Japan is taking significant steps to reinforce its defense posture. Japan’s defense minister, Kihara Minoru, has underscored the urgent need for bolstering the nation’s southwestern defense capabilities.
The enhancement involves expanding the existing regular infantry regiment in Okinawa. The regiment will double in size, bringing the total force to approximately 3,000 soldiers by 2026. While this expansion may appear modest when compared to typical division sizes, it signifies a notable change in the command structure.
Situated at the Naha garrison, the 15th Brigade consists of various units, including anti-aircraft artillery and reconnaissance regiments. Currently, it has about 2,500 soldiers. The restructuring aims to align the command level with that of the U.S. III Marine Expeditionary Force, also based in Okinawa, thereby facilitating closer collaboration.
To complement the troop expansion, Japan is also enhancing communications systems, military infrastructure, and logistical support. Administrative functions of the Western Self-Defense Force Command are set to be relocated to Kumamoto Prefecture. This move aims to improve coordination with local governments, particularly concerning civilian evacuations and emergency responses.
The upgrade to the 15th Brigade aligns with key principles outlined in Japan’s new foundational defense documents. Ratified last December, these texts signify a watershed moment in Japan’s post-World War II security policy. Notably, they enable Japan to develop “counter-attack capabilities,” adding a new dimension to its defense landscape.
Underlying Causes for Japan’s Defense Revamp
Three primary factors are driving Japan’s revised defense posture, including escalating activities by the CCP in the Taiwan Strait and the East China Sea; the ramping-up of missile testing by North Korea; and increasing encroachments by Russia, historically an adversary, often in coordination with China.Japan’s new defense strategy is multi-faceted and includes identifying the CCP as the “greatest challenge” to global stability; deploying long-range cruise missiles; and aiming to raise the defense budget to 2 percent of GDP by 2027. The strategy combines an offensive “spear” with the existing defensive “shield” and revisits the “Three Principles” that govern defense exports.
Acceleration in Missile Deployment and Changes to Defense Export Guidelines
Mr. Minoru met with U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin earlier this month, with Japan planning to fast-track its acquisition of Tomahawk cruise missiles, with deployment expected by 2025.These missiles boast a range exceeding 1,250 kilometers (about 776 miles), and are capable of reaching key urban and economic centers in northeastern China, as well as Chinese naval bases like Qingdao and Dinghai.
Addressing the “Three Principles” on defense exports, Mr. Minoru signaled that Japan aims to assist nations affected by international law violations. Close cooperation with the ruling party is sought to expedite public understanding and approval of these significant policy changes.
Established in 1967, Japan’s “Three Principles” prohibited exports to communist nations, countries under U.N. embargoes, and nations involved in international conflicts. However, these principles were revised in 2014 to allow more flexibility in the export of arms and military equipment. The revision marked a significant pivot in Japan’s post-war defense policy, emphasizing joint arms development and humanitarian missions.
