WASHINGTON/CARACAS—The United States is seeking to ensure that Venezuelan oil revenue goes to opposition leader and self-declared interim president Juan Guaido, and to cut off money from increasingly isolated President Nicolas Maduro, a top U.S. official said on Jan. 24.
Although short on details, the announcement signals that Washington is willing to go beyond traditional diplomatic measures and will seek to drain cash from Maduro’s government, which is already struggling under an unprecedented economic meltdown.
Such a move would significantly strengthen the hand of Guaido, who swore himself in as interim head of state on Jan. 23 with the support of Washington and nations around the region.
“What we’re focusing on today is disconnecting the illegitimate Maduro regime from the sources of his revenues,” national security adviser John Bolton told reporters at the White House.
“We think consistent with our recognition of Juan Guaido as the constitutional interim president of Venezuela that those revenues should go to the legitimate government.”
Bolton added that the process was “very complicated” and that officials were still studying how this would function.
Bold Challenge
Washington’s support for Guaido prompted Maduro, Venezuela’s leader since 2013, to break relations with the United States. On Jan. 24, he said he was closing Venezuela’s embassy in Washington as well as all of the country’s consulates in the United States.Guaido’s swearing-in was the opposition’s boldest challenge yet to the long-ruling Socialist Party and has given Maduro’s adversaries an unprecedented diplomatic platform to press for change in a nation dogged by hyperinflation, rising malnutrition, and political conflict.
But Guaido now leads what amounts to a shadow government disavowed by the armed forces and with no influence over day-to-day administration such as importing and distributing food and medicine.
The 35-year-old industrial engineer said he had spoken on Jan. 24 by telephone with supportive heads of state from around the world.
“I just received a phone call from Spain’s Prime Minister, Pedro Sanchez, and was able to describe the struggle we are leading together with all of Venezuela, to achieve a transition government and hold free elections,” Guaido wrote via Twitter.
His ascent was greeted with excitement by investors holding Venezuela and state oil company PDVSA bonds, which hit their highest level since 2017 despite being almost entirely in default.
Concerns about potential disruption of Venezuelan crude supplies gave support to global oil prices.
Who Is Legitimate President?
Guaido took the helm of the National Assembly on Jan. 5 with a call for the armed forces to recognize Maduro as a “usurper” after his May 2018 re-election, widely viewed as fraudulent.Backing for him has come principally from the Western hemisphere. Venezuelan allies including Russia and Turkey—both important commercial partners—criticized Guaido’s rise as a sign of United States interference.
The European Union, which has imposed sanctions on Maduro’s government, noted that Venezuelans had “massively called for democracy and the possibility to freely determine their own destiny,” but stopped short of recognizing Guaido.
Maduro, in a rambling speech, dismissed Guaido’s inauguration and said he himself remained the country’s legitimate leader.
He has relied extensively on the military to maintain power amid annual inflation of nearly 2 million percent and an exodus of Venezuelan refugees into neighboring countries.
Guaido has said Maduro’s Jan. 10 inauguration to a second six-year term amounted to a usurpation of power. The vote was boycotted by Venezuela’s main opposition parties, with Maduro’s two most popular rivals banned from running and Socialist Party aggressive campaigning opponents called vote-buying.
Guaido and allies argue that the presidency is vacant as a result and that the constitution calls for the head of congress to assume the interim presidency in such a situation.
That still leaves Guaido struggling against a state unwilling to recognize him and security forces that could jail him, as they did his mentor Leopoldo Lopez—who is under house arrest for leading anti-Maduro protests in 2014.
“Can he name ministers? Ministers of air? Phantom ministers?” asked Maduro during a speech before the Supreme Court. “Is he going to name commanders of military units? Will the armed forces obey his command? Never.”
Protesters clashed with security forces on Jan. 23 around the country and in both affluent and working-class areas of Caracas, with some demonstrations spilling over into looting.
A total of 14 people have been killed in violence linked to the protests, according to local rights groups.
