“Big tech” faced an unprecedented number of antitrust investigations in 2019, with four major multinational technology companies—Facebook, Google, Amazon, and Apple—receiving a level of scrutiny that hasn’t been seen in decades.
A congressional committee and subcommittee are investigating all four, even as the Justice Department (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) are reviewing one or more of the companies. The probes extend down to the state level as well, with dozens of state attorneys general scrutinizing the practices of Facebook and Google in separate cases. The barrage of investigations comes amid broad concerns about the effects of the “Big Four” on competition and consumers. The last time that both state and federal levels were investigating a case such as this was in 2001—the United States v. Microsoft Corp. case involving the latter’s alleged monopoly on the PC market. Those probes, however, were only focused on one company.
“If it’s not unprecedented, it’s something that hasn’t happened in many decades,” John E. Lopatka, an antitrust scholar and a distinguished professor of law at Pennsylvania State University’s Dickinson School of Law, told The Epoch Times. “It is unusual in terms of both the scope and number of companies under investigation, as well as the intensity of the investigation,” Lopatka, who previously served as the assistant director for planning for the Bureau of Competition at the FTC, said in a phone call. “I don’t think we’ve seen anything like that in at least the last 50, 60 years.”
The House Judiciary Committee is expected to complete a final report on its findings by the “first part” of 2020, the committee’s chairman, Rep. David Cicilline (D-R.I.), told reporters on Oct. 18. Leaders of the committee and its subcommittee on antitrust have demanded the four companies turn over a wide range of documents including sensitive internal emails from the companies’ top executives as well as detailed financial information, among other company records.
Meanwhile, Attorney General William
Barr said on Dec. 10 he hoped to have the DOJ investigations completed “some time next year.” In July, the department announced that its antitrust division is “reviewing whether and how market-leading online platforms have achieved market power and are engaging in practices that have reduced competition, stifled innovation, or otherwise harmed consumers.” The DOJ said it will probe concerns related to “search, social media, and some retail services online.”
“I'd like to have it completed some time next year. I think it’s important to move quickly on things,” Barr continued. “These things have a cost to the marketplace and businesses. I think at some point, the government has to fish or cut bait.”
At an early hearing of the antitrust panel in July, executives of the four companies pushed back against lawmakers’ accusations that they operate as monopolies, laying out ways in which they say they compete fairly, yet vigorously, against rivals in the marketplace. Cicilline said he was dissatisfied with answers the executives gave to lawmakers, calling their testimony “evasive.”
It’s “very unusual” to have simultaneous investigations by the DOJ and the FTC,
Eleanor Fox, professor of trade regulation at New York University School of Law, told The Epoch Times. The state-level probes are equally unconventional, added Fox,
who is an expert in antitrust policy.
“It’s not unusual that you have state attorneys general that are also investigating, but it’s very unusual that you have so many of them on board for investigating,” she said. “But the most unusual thing is the FTC and the DOJ are apparently investigating the same thing at the same time.”
The attorneys general of 48 states, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, have opened an antitrust probe into Google and the company’s “potential monopolistic behavior.” The investigation is being led by Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton, who formally made the announcement on Sept. 9.
It’s not just agencies within the United States that are scrutinizing big tech behavior. Antitrust regulators from the EU are considering taking a tougher stance against the Big Four, Cecilio Madero Villarejo, acting director-general of the European Commission’s competition division
said in October.
Traditionally, the commission has just ordered companies to stop their anticompetitive practices but Villarejo said that may not be enough:
“In fast-moving markets, there is a risk that this would take too long to implement and be too difficult to monitor,” Villarejo told a CRA conference.
Potential Actions
Rohit Chopra, an FTC commissioner,
said at an October hearing that vast troves of consumer data collected by
big tech allow them to gain a competitive edge and pose a threat to competition, by creating market entry barriers. Personal data is powering the dominance of
tech companies that offer “free” basic services that are, ultimately, not free, he said.
Chopra also said the usual financial penalties won’t be enough to address concerns over the power of big tech firms, adding that regulators will need to take a closer look.
Barnett also wondered if investigators are interested in moving away from a “narrow consumer-welfare approach” to one of “antitrust enforcement.”
President Donald Trump, in the meantime, has accused big tech companies such as Facebook and Google of suppressing and censoring political speech, particularly conservative speech.
The timing of the new probes is interesting, New York-based corporate attorney Manny Alicandro
told The Epoch Times previously. The vocal and online pressure from Trump against big tech is “making it newsworthy to the extent that it’s very topical.” But Alicandro also stressed that the probes are based on merit and should “not be viewed as politically motivated.”
“This is historic scrutiny, because it’s bipartisan,” Alicandro said. “There’s a lot at stake in terms of how much these entities—these big tech companies—control and how they disseminate information.”
“Depending on the results ... it could have a material impact on these companies right now and similar companies going forward,” he added.
California Attorney General Xavier Becerra
told Reuters in October that his agency is concerned about corporate consolidation. His state is leading a fight to stop T-Mobile US from buying Sprint. If states can successfully block such deals, he said it would send a message that “antitrust enforcers will be back in the driver’s seat.”
