US Economic Growth Slows Sharply in 1st Quarter as Interest Rates Rise

Shoppers look at items displayed at a grocery store in Washington, on Feb. 15, 2023. Stefani Reynolds/AFP via Getty Images

The U.S. economy expanded by 1.1 percent in the first quarter, down from 2.6 percent in the fourth quarter, according to the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). This also came in below economists’ expectations of 2 percent.

This was the slowest quarterly growth since the second quarter of 2022.

The Federal Reserve’s higher interest rates have been traveling throughout the U.S. economy over the past year, with the central bank increasing the benchmark Fed funds rate by 475 basis points to its highest level since late 2007. The target range has risen to 4.75–5.00 percent.

Investors expect the Federal Open Market Committee to raise rates by another 25 basis points at next month’s policy meeting, according to the CME FedWatch Tool.

The current rising-rate environment has made borrowing more expensive, creating a tough climate for businesses and consumers already contending with elevated inflation.

For market observers, the big surprise was the pop in inflation in the most recent quarter.

The GDP Price Index, a gauge of prices of goods and services produced in the United States, unexpectedly rose to 4 percent in the first three months of 2023. This was up from 3.9 percent in the previous quarter and higher than the market forecast of 3.7 percent.

“Unfortunately, the sharp slowdown in economic growth last quarter was not sufficient to temper price inflation,” Scott Anderson, the chief economist at the Bank of the West Economics, wrote in a note. “Despite weakening growth and the elevated probability of a mild U.S. recession on the horizon, we believe persistent core price inflation will prompt the Fed to raise interest rates by another quarter percentage point next month before an extended pause.”

In the first quarter, the personal consumption expenditure (PCE) price index surged to 4.2 percent, up from 3.7 percent. This was also much higher than the anticipated 0.5 percent. The core PCE price index, which excludes the volatile food and energy sectors, advanced to 4.9 percent.

Price tags at a supermarket in New York, on Dec. 14, 2022. Yuki Iwamura/AFP via Getty Images

The GDP Sales Index, which measures the goods and services produced for sale in the national economy, climbed to 3.4 percent in the first quarter, topping market estimates of 2.3 percent. This was also up from the fourth quarter’s 1.1 percent increase.

Growth in the real gross domestic product (GDP) was driven by higher consumer and government spending and exports. This was offset by declines in private inventory investment and residential fixed investment.

Real consumer spending accelerated 3.7 percent quarter-over-quarter, up from 1 percent. Although consumer spending started off the year strong, Morning Consult’s chief economist John Lee noted that “the consumer ended the quarter on a sour note, calling into question the sustainability of economic growth moving forward.”

“While private investment may pick back up later this year, it tends to be highly volatile from quarter to quarter,” he wrote in an email. “Without a robust consumer, we’re likely to see more volatility and uncertainty in economic activity through the end of the year.”

Meanwhile, real disposable personal income (inflation adjusted) jumped 8 percent in the January-to-March period, up from 5 percent in the fourth quarter. The personal savings rate in the three months ending in March was 4.8 percent, up from 4 percent in the previous quarter.

Before the BEA figures were released, the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta’s GDPNow real GDP estimate for the first quarter was 1.1 percent, down from as high as 3.5 percent in March.

Given the substantial government stimulus, some economists believe that the first quarter’s tepid GDP growth is still surprisingly good.

“The economy’s biggest problem now is inflation, a direct result of the government’s COVID-related stimulus. The price of stimulus today is always a slowdown tomorrow, and now it’s tomorrow,” Ryan Young, senior economist at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, wrote in an email.

“Trillions of dollars of stimulus spending and money creation caused the inflation that the Federal Reserve is still struggling to bring down. Rising interest rates are a necessary part of that effort, but they are a major reason why GDP growth is only about half what it should be. Stimulus is never free.”

This might explain why investors kept their pre-market gains intact as the leading benchmark indexes were up as much as 0.9 percent.

The U.S. Treasury market was green across the board, with the benchmark 10-year yield rising about 6 basis points to nearly 3.49 percent.

The U.S. Dollar Index, a gauge of the greenback against a basket of currencies, gained close to 0.2 percent to above 101.65 following the latest GDP data.

What Does the 2nd Quarter Look Like?

Economists will be looking to see what effect the banking turmoil will have on the broader economy in the second quarter. The April-to-June period should see more of the fallout from tightening lending conditions, experts say.

The Conference Board downgraded its second-quarter forecast from negative 0.9 percent to negative 1.8 percent because of the “reverberations associated with the March banking crisis.”

“While the worst of the crisis appears to be over, we expect credit conditions to remain tight and sentiment among consumers and businesses to suffer due to the shock,” Erik Lundh, CB’s principal economist, wrote in a report.

S&P Global anticipates 1 percent real GDP growth in the second quarter, although economists anticipate “a very shallow U.S. recession in its baseline forecast, in such an uncertain environment.”

The Wall Street Journal Economic Forecasting Survey of economists shows a contraction of at least negative 1 percent.

The “acute bank stress” has convinced Paul Ashworth, chief North America economist at Capital Economics, that the U.S. economy will fall into recession this year.

“Despite the strong start to the year evident in the coincident activity data, the growth rate of the leading economic index is deep in negative territory, which has proven to be an excellent recessionary signal, with few false positives over the past 50 years,” he stated in a research note.

In March, the Conference Board’s Leading Economic Index (LEI) tumbled by 1.2 percent to its lowest level since November 2020. The LEI, which assesses jobless claims, manufacturers’ new orders for consumer goods, and stock prices, declined 4.5 percent over the six-month period between September 2022 and March.

“The Conference Board forecasts that economic weakness will intensify and spread more widely throughout the U.S. economy over the coming months, leading to a recession starting in mid-2023,” Justyna Zabinska-La Monica, the senior manager of Business Cycle Indicators at The Conference Board, wrote in a report.

According to minutes from the Federal Reserve’s Federal Open Market Committee policy meeting last month, staff economists expect a “mild recession” later this year.

White House Responds

Despite the sharp slowdown in economic growth, President Joe Biden took a victory lap following the GDP data.

“Today, we learned that the American economy remains strong, as it transitions to steady and stable growth. This past quarter, real personal disposable income increased and American consumers continued to spend, even as the overall pace of growth moderated,” Biden said in a statement.

“My Investing in America agenda is rebuilding the economy from the middle out and the bottom up, following decades of failed trickle-down economic policies.”

Most Americans disapprove of the president’s handling of the economy, a recent CNBC survey found. Sixty-two percent disapprove, up from 57 percent in the previous poll. This was the second-worst rating of his term so far.