Healthy sleep habits
You can take steps to improve your sleep habits. First, make sure that you give yourself enough time to sleep. With enough sleep each night, you may find that you’re happier and more productive during the day.
To improve your sleep habits, it also may help to:
- Make your bedroom sleep friendly. Sleep in a cool, quiet, dark place. Avoid watching TV or looking at electronic devices, as the light from these sources can disrupt your sleep-wake cycle.
- Go to sleep and wake up around the same time each day, even on the weekends. If you can, avoid night shifts, a schedule that changes, or other things that may disrupt your sleep schedule. This can be challenging for new parents or shift workers. Learn more tips to help you get good-quality sleep and prevent problems over time.
- Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol close to your bedtime. Although alcohol can make it easier to fall asleep, it can cause you to have a sleep that tends to be lighter than normal. This makes it more likely that you will wake up during the night.
- Get regular physical activity during the daytime (at least 5 to 6 hours before going to bed). Exercising close to bedtime can make it harder to fall asleep.
- Avoid naps, especially in the afternoon. This may help you sleep longer at night.
- Eat meals on a regular schedule and avoid late-night dinners.
- Limit how much fluids you drink close to bedtime. This may help you sleep longer without having to use the bathroom.
- Learn new ways to manage stress. Follow a routine that helps you wind down and relax before bed. For example, read a book, listen to soothing music, or take a hot bath. Your healthcare provider may also recommend other ways to relax, including massage therapy, meditation, or yoga.
- Talk to your healthcare provider about over-the-counter and prescription medicines that may be disrupting your sleep (for example, some cold and allergy medicines).
Therapies
Light therapy
Light therapy involves sitting in front of a light box, which produces bright light similar to sunlight. Light visors and light glasses may also be effective. Light therapy may help adjust the amount of melatonin your body needs to make to reset your sleep-wake cycle.- To move your sleep and wake times earlier, use the light box when you wake up in the morning. This may also help reduce daytime sleepiness. This method may be used to help treat delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder, and jet lag disorder when you travel east.
- To move your sleep and wake times later, use the light box late in the afternoon or early in the evening. This method may be used to help treat advanced sleep-wake phase disorder, shift work disorder, and jet lag disorder when you travel west.
Orofacial therapy
Exercises for your mouth and facial muscles, also called orofacial therapy, may help treat sleep apnea in children and adults. This therapy helps improve the position of your tongue and strengthens the muscles that control your lips, tongue, upper airway, and face.Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
CBT-I is a 6- to 8-week treatment plan to help you learn how to fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer. This is usually recommended as the first treatment option for long-term insomnia and can be very effective. CBT-I can be done by a healthcare provider, nurse, or therapist; you can do it in person, by telephone, or online. It involves the following parts:- Cognitive therapy helps you feel less nervous about not being able to sleep.
- Relaxation or meditation therapy teaches you how to relax and fall asleep faster.
- Sleep education helps you learn good sleep habits.
- Sleep restriction therapy gives you a specific amount of time to spend in bed, even if you are not able to sleep during this time. With time, this helps you sleep better when you go to bed. Your sleep time can be increased when you start to sleep better.
- Stimulus control therapy helps you have a regular sleep-wake cycle so you can link being in bed with being asleep. This involves going to bed only when you are sleepy, getting out of bed if you cannot sleep, and using your bed only for sleep and sexual activity.
Medicines
Medicines to help you fall asleep
If you are having trouble falling asleep or staying asleep, and improving your sleep habits and other therapies have not helped, your healthcare provider may talk to you about medicines to help you sleep. Many of these medicines have side effects and should not be taken long term.PRESCRIPTION MEDICINES
Some prescription medicines used to treat other health conditions can also increase your risk of developing sleep conditions.- Benzodiazepine receptor agonists are medicines such as zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone. Side effects may include anxiety. Rare side effects may include having a severe allergic reaction or doing activities while asleep such as walking, eating, or driving.
- Melatonin receptor agonists are medicines such as ramelteon. Side effects can include dizziness and fatigue. Some people experience the rare side effects of doing activities while they are asleep, like walking, eating, or driving; or they may have a severe allergic reaction.
- Orexin receptor antagonists such as suvorexant are not recommended for people who have narcolepsy. Rare side effects may include doing activities while asleep such as walking, eating, or driving; or not being able to move or speak for several minutes while going to sleep or waking up.
- Benzodiazepines may be prescribed for insomnia if other treatments and medicines have not worked. Talk to your healthcare provider about the side effects of these medicines, which can include dizziness, confusion, and muscle weakness. Benzodiazepines can also interact dangerously with other medicines. They can be habit-forming and should be taken for only a few weeks.
OFF-LABEL MEDICINES
In some cases, healthcare providers may prescribe medicines that are commonly used for other health conditions but are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat insomnia. Some of these medicines include antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants.OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) MEDICINES AND SUPPLEMENTS
Tell your healthcare provider about any OTC products that you are taking.- OTC products that contain antihistamines are sold as sleep aids. Although these products might make you sleepy, talk to your provider before taking them, as antihistamines can be unsafe for some people.
- Melatonin supplements are lab-made versions of the sleep hormone melatonin. Many people take melatonin supplements to improve their sleep. These supplements are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration like medicines. Because of this, the dose and purity of these supplements can vary between brands. Talk with your provider about how to find safe, effective melatonin supplements, and also about possible side effects or medicine interactions, especially if you are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. Side effects of melatonin may include excess sleepiness, headaches, high blood pressure, low blood pressure, stomach upsets, and worsening symptoms of depression.
- Dietary supplements may help you sleep, but they can also have health risks. Talk to your healthcare provider before using dietary supplements.
Medicines to help you stay awake
Some people with sleep conditions, like narcolepsy, need to take medicine to help them stay awake during the day. Sometimes, people can use caffeine to help promote wakefulness, but other times, prescription medicine is required.- Stimulants, or wakefulness-promoting agents, can help with daytime alertness. The effects of these medicines may last only for a short time, and you may still experience some sleepiness.
- Depressants, such as sodium oxybate, treat daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, the sudden loss of voluntary muscle control. Side effects can include bedwetting, headache, and dizziness.
Devices
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
CPAP is a device that uses mild air pressure to keep your airways open while you sleep. A CPAP machine includes a mask that fits over your nose or your nose and mouth with straps that position the mask. It also includes a tube that connects the mask to the machine’s motor and a motor that blows air into the tube.For the treatment to work, you should use your CPAP machine every time you sleep, including during naps. You should also take your CPAP machine with you when you travel. It will take some time and patience to get used to your CPAP machine.
More about CPAP
Oral devices
Oral devices are devices that you wear in your mouth while you sleep. These are often custom-made by a dentist or orthodontist (a dentist who specializes in correcting teeth or jaw problems) to fit your mouth or jaw. Oral devices hold your jaw or tongue in a position that helps keep your airway open. You may need an oral device if you have mild sleep apnea or if your apnea happens only when you are lying on your back. If you have sleep apnea, your doctor may prescribe an oral device if you do not want to use CPAP or cannot tolerate CPAP.There are two types of oral devices that work differently to open the upper airway while you sleep. Some hybrid devices have features of both types.
- Mandibular advancement devices cover the upper and lower teeth and hold the jaw in a position that prevents it from blocking the upper airway.
- Tongue retaining devices are mouthpieces that hold the tongue in a forward position to prevent it from blocking the upper airway.
Your dentist or orthodontist will make sure your device is comfortable and teach you how to use it to get the best results.
Procedures
For the treatment of sleep apnea, if a CPAP or other oral devices do not work, you may need surgery.
- Adenotonsillectomy surgery removes the tonsils and adenoids.
- Surgery to place an implant may help monitor your breathing patterns and control certain muscles that open your airways during sleep. Other types of implants, called nerve stimulators, can help control your tongue muscles while you sleep. This helps prevent your tongue from blocking your airway.
- Surgery to remove some soft tissue from your mouth and throat can make your upper airway bigger.
- A maxillary or jaw advancement surgery moves your upper jaw (maxilla) and lower jaw (mandible) forward. This helps make your upper airway bigger.
