Republican U.S. senators are pushing to reinforce congressional power to authorize treaties, as a bulwark against a World Health Organization (WHO) accord which they are concerned would give centralized authority to the U.N. health agency over U.S. policy in the event of a pandemic.
The draft accord, which would be “legally binding” on all 194 member nations, gives the agency the authority to declare pandemics. It also says that signatories “recognize” the central role of WHO, as the “directing and coordinating authority on international health work”, in areas such as pandemic prevention, preparedness, response and recovery of health systems. Proponents of the accord deny that signatories will cede sovereignty.
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Seventeen U.S. senators, led by Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wis.), introduced the “
No WHO Pandemic Preparedness Treaty Without Senate Approval Act” on Feb 15, which states that the pandemic accord must be deemed a treaty, thus requiring the consent of a supermajority of the Senate, which is two-thirds, or 67 senators. The legislation comes as the WHO presented what it calls the “zero draft” of the accord,
negotiated with the help of U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra, to all member nations on Feb. 27 to agree on final terms by the spring of 2024.
Other sponsors of the bill include Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa), Bill Hagerty (R-Tenn.), John Barrasso (R-Wyo.), Mike Lee (R-Utah), Marsha Blackburn (R-Tenn.), Rick Scott (R-Fla.), John Hoeven (R-N.D.), Marco Rubio (R-Fla.), Ted Cruz (R-Texas), Steve Daines (R-Mont.), Thom Tillis (R-N.C.), Tom Cotton (R-Ark.), Mike Braun (R-Ind.), Tommy Tuberville (R-Ala.), Roger Marshall (R-Kan.), and Katie Britt (R-Ala.).
“The WHO, along with our federal health agencies, failed miserably in their response to COVID-19,” Johnson said. “This failure should not be rewarded with a new international treaty that would increase the WHO’s power at the expense of American sovereignty.”
Blackburn said in a statement that the WHO’s “mismanagement of the COVID-19 pandemic made it abundantly clear that they should never have a say over America’s response to any crisis. It’s time for President Biden to put the rights of the American people ahead of the corrupt public health ‘experts.’”
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But some doubt this bill, even if approved, would stop the WHO accord from going into effect once President Joe Biden signs it.
“With all due respect to the sponsoring senators, that will not do the trick,” Francis Boyle, a professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, told The Epoch Times.
The reason is that the WHO accord is drafted specifically to circumvent the Senate-approval process, and Congress instead should immediately withhold its yearly contributions to the WHO and take the United States out of the organization, he said.
Currently, the United States is the
largest contributor to the WHO’s
$6.72 billion budget, of which $1.25 billion is for “health emergencies.” The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is the
second-largest donor to the WHO, contributing 9 percent of its budget in 2021; China is the third.
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The accord states: “States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to determine and manage their approach to public health, notably pandemic prevention, preparedness, response and recovery of health systems, pursuant to their own policies and legislation.
It adds, however, that this is “provided that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to their peoples and other countries.”
Would Biden Need Senate Approval?
It isn’t clear if the Biden administration will need Senate approval for the WHO accord. The accord itself states that it will become effective and legally binding on member states “provisionally” as soon as it’s signed and before any national legislatures approve it.“The Biden administration can indicate that it is provisionally bringing this treaty into force upon the mere signature of the treaty,” Boyle said. “Hence, it will come into force here in the United States provisionally until the Senate decides whether or not it is going to give its advice and consent to the treaty.
“I personally know of no other U.S. treaty that provides for its provisional application pending the U.S. Senate giving its advice and consent to the treaty.”
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While the U.S. Constitution states that the president can make treaties “provided two-thirds of the senators present concur,” U.S. presidents have increasingly been signing international agreements without Senate consent, and those agreements have taken effect in the United States regardless.
According to the Senate’s
website: “Treaties to which the United States is a party also have the force of federal legislation, forming part of what the Constitution calls ‘the supreme Law of the Land.’ ... In recent decades, presidents have frequently entered the United States into international agreements without the advice and consent of the Senate. These are called ‘executive agreements.’ Though not brought before the Senate for approval, executive agreements are still binding on the parties under international law.”
A report by Justia, a legal analysis and marketing firm,
states that “the executive agreement has surpassed in number and perhaps in international influence the treaty formally signed, submitted for ratification to the Senate, and proclaimed upon ratification.”
“During the first half-century of its independence, the United States was party to 60 treaties but to only 27 published executive agreements,” the report reads. “Between 1939 and 1993, executive agreements comprised more than 90 percent of the international agreements concluded.”
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The U.S. Supreme Court has on several occasions supported the notion that these executive agreements constitute federal law and supersede state laws and regulations. They include
State of Missouri v. Holland, which ruled that treaties supersede state laws, and
United States v. Belmont, which ruled that executive agreements without Senate consent are legally binding on Americans. Under the U.S. Constitution, health policy falls under state jurisdiction, but the WHO pandemic accord may be a way to bring health policy under the jurisdiction of the federal government once the WHO declares a pandemic.
While Republican lawmakers said the agreement has “no path forward” toward approval as a treaty, provisions written into the agreement allow foreign countries to tax U.S.-based corporate profits as a punitive measure if senators don’t approve it.
This article has been updated to more accurately reflect the scope of the accord, and to include more details from the accord itself, which were missing from the original version. The Epoch Times regrets this omission.
