The ancient Roman orator and statesman Cicero labeled him “the foremost man of Greece.” Cornelius Nepos, a biographer and contemporary of Cicero’s, regarded him as “incorruptible.” The 16th-century French Renaissance philosopher Michel de Montaigne judged him “one of the three worthiest and most excellent men” in all of history.
This man was a warrior-philosopher, a revolutionary, an ascetic, a statesman and diplomat, a liberator, and a military genius. Yet the deeds for which he is best remembered spanned less than two decades (379–362 B.C.), 2,400 years ago.
To whom am I referring?
His name was Epaminondas. If it doesn’t ring a bell, you’re not alone. Outside of Greece, few people anywhere today know of him. I never heard his name until this past April when an economist friend, Luke Jasinski of Maria Sklodowska University in Lublin, Poland, suggested I write about him.
Luke says:
“[He] was a broad-minded man with a libertarian streak, a visionary who showed the Greek world a viable alternative to the endless wars of the time. For modern libertarians, his story is worth remembering. Impressed by it myself, I dedicated one of my economics books to him.”
What we know about Epaminondas comes entirely from secondary sources. He left behind no writings that have survived, but from contemporaries and later historians, we do know at least this much about him:
• He was born in the Greek city-state of Thebes in the central Greek region of Boeotia, sometime between 419 and 411 B.C., when Thebes was a tiny backwater. It would be largely because of Epaminondas and his loyal friend and fellow general Pelopidas that Thebes would become a powerhouse a few decades later.
• Sparta, the brutal city-state that governed the Greek region of the Peloponnesus, orchestrated a coup against the Theban government in 382 B.C. and installed an armed garrison there. Three years later, Epaminondas played a key role in a revolution that ended the Spartan dictatorship, restoring local, democratic government.
• In the wake of the Theban revolution, Sparta went to war with Thebes and its Boeotian allies for the next decade. When peace talks broke down in 371 B.C., the stage was set for the climactic Battle of Leuctra. Through masterful and unprecedented tactics on the battlefield, Epaminondas led the outnumbered Theban armies to a decisive victory over the Spartans.
• To end the Spartan threat for good, Epaminondas invaded the Peloponnesus a year later. He liberated the region of Messenia that the Spartans had occupied and savaged two centuries earlier. Epaminondas did not subsume and subdue the Messenians; instead, he introduced democratic rule and then left. Grateful for their liberation, the Messenians became allies of Thebes and a buffer against the Spartans. Shortly thereafter, Epaminondas founded a new city in the northern Peloponnesus and named it Megalopolis. With Sparta shrunken and bottled up, its days as a menacing bully were numbered.
My Polish friend, Jasinski, said he believes that Epaminondas’s victory over Sparta set the table for economic progress:
“Thanks to his diplomatic talents, a coalition of Boeotian city-states was formed to defend against a common threat. The victory of Thebes marked the end of Spartan domination and elevated Thebes to the position of regional leader. It is worth mentioning that the Thebans did not aim to replace Sparta in the position of a regional bully. They aimed to liberate themselves from Spartan occupation. As a result, Thebes and other Boeotian cities were able to count on economic development due, among other things, to the fact that these lands abounded in good soil. Agriculture, then the basis of ancient economies, was able to develop more freely, which positively influenced prosperity and the development of trade contacts.”
The late Donald Kagan (1932–2021) was a premier scholar of ancient Greece who taught at Cornell and Yale. He noted that in the 370s B.C., Thebes (and Boeotia as a whole) transitioned from “a bulwark of oligarchy to a remarkably democratic” political system. He credited Epaminondas as the man most responsible for that.
Oxford historian G.L. Cawkwell likewise offers praise for Epaminondas:
“In politics, as opposed to morals, men are always choosing between evils, and all policies have some consequences that are ill. His actions must rather be judged in relation to what they prevented. To have established the power of Boeotia and ended the Spartan domination of the Peloponnese was the most and the best that a Boeotian could have done.”
Alas, the achievements of Epaminondas were short-lived. Thebes was once again forced to confront a resurgent Sparta. Epaminondas won the Battle of Mantinea against the Spartans on the 4th of July in 362 B.C., but he died of his wounds. Thebes never produced another man as great as him.
Less than three decades later, the Macedonians conquered Thebes and absorbed the city and the rest of Greece into a growing empire that Alexander the Great would extend from the Balkans to India.
After the death of Epaminondas, the Thebans erected a statue in his honor. Though that statue is gone, we know that its inscription read as follows:
“By my plans was Sparta shorn of her glory and holy Messenia at last received back her children. By the weapons of Thebes was Messenia fortified, and all Greece became independent and free.”
