Will robots soon be replacing humans across broad swaths of the labour market? Judging by headlines touting driverless cars, machine learning, and the rapidly-growing digital economy, one is tempted to answer “Yes.”
No one can doubt the sweeping effects of new technologies. Historically, tens of millions of jobs have been eliminated by successive waves of technology-enabled innovation in industries ranging from agriculture, transportation, and manufacturing, to electricity and information and telecommunications services.
A similar process is underway today, fuelled by advances in artificial intelligence (AI), data science, and digital tools and platforms.
In past periods of widespread disruption, new jobs have been created in other occupations and industries to offset those lost due to the labour-displacing effects of new technologies. Will that happen this time?
There are mixed views.
Some researchers have produced jaw-dropping estimates of the number of jobs set to be destroyed by the relentless march of AI. Kai-Fu Lee, the former head of research for Google’s Asian operations, predicts that 40 to 50 percent of U.S. jobs will be capable of being automated by 2035. Entrepreneur Elon Musk goes even further. He recently opined that with AI, humanity has “summoned a demon,” with smart machines ranking as “the biggest existential threat” to our species.
Other analysts paint a less frightful picture, in which AI alters many jobs and replaces some, but also stimulates new labour demand and fosters different forms of work. In this more optimistic scenario, automation doesn’t lead to mass unemployment.
My Business Council of B.C. colleague David Williams recently developed projections of the possible impact of automation on the labour market in British Columbia.
He finds that, from a purely technical or engineering standpoint, about 40 percent of current B.C. jobs are in occupations with a “high potential” for automation in the next 20 years. Most of these fall into three broad categories: sales and service occupations; business, finance, and office administration occupations; and trades, transport, and equipment operators.
Approximately 37 percent of B.C. jobs are in occupations judged to have a “low probability” of being automated. The remaining 21 percent of jobs fall somewhere in-between.
AI and related technologies are increasingly capable of performing routine, repetitive, and rules-based tasks that feature prominently in many of the occupations most vulnerable to disruption. Some examples are retail sales-persons, cashiers, food counter attendants, kitchen helpers, truck drivers, warehouse workers, and general office support workers.
In contrast, occupations involving tasks that rely heavily on perception and dexterity, creative intelligence, social abilities, and leadership skill are harder to automate. Examples include senior-level managers, store, restaurant, and warehouse managers, teachers, law enforcement personnel, academic researchers, and nurses and physiotherapists.
The methodology used to develop the estimates cited above is borrowed from recent academic studies. It has some important limitations. For one, the actual pace of automation will be strongly influenced by non-technical factors, such as labour supply and demand, the relative prices of labour and capital, future productivity growth, and the extent of regulatory and social acceptance of new technologies. Such non-technical factors are likely to slow the pace of automation in many parts of the economy.
For example, the technology that enables driverless vehicles is already well advanced, but take-up has been glacial. In fact, the biggest problem facing trucking and bus companies in Canada and the United States is not how to incorporate driverless vehicles into their fleets, but finding enough warm bodies to fill the available jobs. Similarly, retailers and restaurants in many communities across the country are struggling to hire enough workers to operate their businesses.
The irony is that as the public worries about automation mount, employers in many industries are grappling with the challenge of finding and retaining workers–even though some of the jobs performed by these workers may be at risk of technology-driven disruption.
For the moment, our economy is in the odd position of producing job vacancies across an array of occupations where the work tasks involved stand to be reshaped, restructured, or perhaps eliminated by new technologies in the decades ahead.
