BRUSSELS—So often the source of disputes between its members, the European Union starts reviewing its rules for national budgets on Oct. 19 to fit a post-pandemic reality of higher public debt and the huge costs of transitioning to a zero-emissions economy.
During the landmark review—likely to take until the end of 2022 at least—governments, economists, and academics will also debate how to simplify the so-called Stability and Growth Pact, which has grown so complex that few people fully understand it.
What began in 1997 as two regulations and a resolution of some 12 pages in total has since multiplied several times and is accompanied by a 108-page user manual, updated every year by the European Commission.
The main goal of the Pact is to protect the value of the euro by curbing government borrowing, because while the eurozone has a single monetary policy underpinning its currency, each of the 19 euro countries sets its own budget policy.
This has been the source of many frictions over the years. In 2002, then-European Commission President Romano Prodi called the Pact “stupid,” a judgment he stands by today.
“It gave me a lot of problems at the time, but later on, most people said I was right because they saw that in difficult times, the Pact didn’t work,” Prodi told Reuters. “I don’t think I was wrong.”
The dangers of running national fiscal policies with a single currency came to the fore in 2010 when excessive borrowing by Greece, hidden from the EU’s statistics office and the Commission that enforces the rules, triggered the sovereign debt crisis that nearly destroyed the currency.
100 Is the New 60
Changes to be debated now are also a reaction to a crisis—this time caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has boosted average debt in the eurozone to around 100 percent of national output from 60–70 percent in the early 1990s when the rules were drafted.The annual debt reductions required by the current rules are simply not realistic for countries with debts of 160 percent of GDP, like Italy, or more than 200 percent, like Greece.
“A debt target of 60 percent made sense when the Maastricht Treaty was negotiated, but it doesn’t make sense now,” said Klaus Regling, the head of the eurozone bailout fund and former head of the Commission’s economic department.
“The debt-carrying capacity of governments is higher today than what was assumed in the Maastricht Treaty, so these are elements one has to look at,” Regling said.
Investment for Climate
The other big challenge is to make sure the rules don’t tie governments’ hands at a time when the 27-nation EU needs to mobilize hundreds of billions of euros to bring net CO2 emissions to zero by 2050.An analysis by the Bruegel think tank for EU finance ministers in September showed that additional public investment to meet the EU’s climate goals would have to be 0.5 percent to 1.0 percent of GDP annually during this decade alone. Bruegel proposed exempting investment to fight climate change from EU deficit calculations.
While the idea has the general backing of Spain, France, and others, officials also point out the difficulty in defining what is and is not a “green” investment. Commission Vice President Valdis Dombrovskis has said the investment exemption idea will definitely be part of the coming discussion.
But some officials also believe that the Pact is already flexible enough and any further relaxation might lead to trouble down the road.
“The call for easing or reform has always existed—and it has always been wrong. It would be a mistake to relax the rules now,” former German finance minister Theo Waigel, called the father of the euro because of his role in setting up the rules in the 1990s, told Reuters.
“Some countries wanted to exclude investments, others the pandemic costs, again other countries military spending from the stability pact calculations. Over the years, there has always been something that governments have wanted to exclude. But it was always right to resist.”
