Visitors walk by the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) booth during the China International Chemical Industry Fair in Shanghai, China, on Sept. 21, 2016. (AP Photo/Andy Wong)
A leaked document from a major Chinese company with Canadian operations offers evidence that corroborates with security concerns Canada’s intelligence agency has raised over foreign state-owned enterprises.
The document, recently obtained by The Epoch Times, is a directive by the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). It was issued in August to its overseas offices in more than 10 countries, including Canada. As previously reported by Epoch, the directive asks the offices to “urgently destroy or transfer sensitive documents” relating to “overseas [Chinese Communist] Party-building activities.”
According to New York-based China commentator Qin Peng, “overseas Party-building activities” refer to efforts by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to expand its global influence. These efforts include overseas Chinese companies, under the CCP’s direction, carrying out activities outside their legal operations, such as collecting intelligence, stealing sensitive information, and influencing local officials, Qin says.
The logo of China National Petroleum Corporation is displayed during the World Gas Conference exhibition in Paris on June 2, 2015. (Eric Piermont/AFP via Getty Images)
CNPC is one of China’s largest oil and gas state-owned enterprises and has had operations in Canada since 1993, with a number of acquisitions in Alberta’s oilsands.
Chinese companies, both state-owned and private, have in recent years bought significant stakes in Canada’s energy sector. Some older Chinese state-owned companies such as CITIC have deep roots in Canada and have been the subject of security warnings by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) and the RCMP.
CSIS Security Concerns
The CNPC directive to its overseas offices was in reaction to recent actions taken by the United States and other western governments, the leaked document said. It cited an incident in Australia where authorities searched and seized mobile phones and computers of Chinese diplomatic personnel. The document didn’t provide further details about the incident.
The United States, in particular, has in recent times increased efforts to combat Chinese espionage activities. Washington ordered the closure of the Chinese Consulate in Houston in July 2020, saying it was a “hub of spying and intellectual property theft.” The FBI also said recently that it has more than 2,000 active investigations relating to the CCP, adding that the bureau opens a new counterintelligence investigation tied to Beijing “every 10 hours.”
CSIS’s annual public report released in April this year warns about security risks related to companies with close ties to foreign governments and intelligence services.
“Corporate acquisitions by these entities pose potential risks related to vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure, control over strategic sectors, espionage and foreign influenced activities, and illegal transfer of technology and expertise,” the report says.
Besides acquisitions, CNPC has also held partnerships with a number of Canadian companies active in the energy sector over the years, including Encana Corporation, as well as Nova Corporation, the predecessor of Nova Chemicals, with which CNPC had a “technology transfer program.”
There have been Chinese state-backed hacking incidents with alleged links to the interests of CNPC and other Chinese SOEs as well.
In 2016, Dutch security firm Fox-IT uncovered a group of hackers working for the Chinese regime. Among the targets of the hacking group was a special economic zone in Myanmar, also known as Burma. The site had been of particular interest to CNPC, which began an investment there in 2009.
Oil tanks under construction at a site operated by China National Petroleum Coporation at an offshore block of Madae Island near Kyauk Phyu of Rakhine State in Myanmar, also known as Burma, on June 1, 2012. (Lwin Ko Taik/AFP via Getty Images)
The incident was reminiscent of another China-directed cyberattack in 2011, when interests of one of its SOEs was at stake, this time involving a Canadian company. China-linked hackers were found to have targeted several Toronto-based law firms to find information related to Australian mining giant BHP’s bid to take over Saskatchewan’s PotashCorp, according to a report by The Globe and Mail. At the time, Chinese SOE Sinochem Group was reportedly considering its own bid to buy PotashCorp.
A former senior security adviser for the once-thriving Canadian technology giant Nortel believes the high-tech firm fell victim to Chinese hacking and cyber espionage. Brian Shields says Chinese hackers stole company secrets for years, and he doesn’t think it’s a coincidence that around the same time that Nortel started going bankrupt in the late 2000s, closing shop in 2009, Chinese telecom giant Huawei started to gain more market share in the West. Huawei denies it benefited from any industrial espionage from Nortel.
In 2014, Chinese state-sponsored hackers attacked the computer networks of Canada’s National Research Council. Citing government documents, the Globe reported that the incident cost Canada hundreds of millions of dollars.
CNPC didn’t respond to a request for comment for this story.
China’s Interests in Canada
In recent years, CNPC along with China’s other two major oil and gas state-owned enterprises, CNOOC and Sinopec, have made significant purchases in Canada’s energy sector.
Chinese investments in Alberta’s oil sands dwarf Chinese investments in other sectors or provinces.
CNOOC famously took over oilsands giant Nexen in 2013 with a $15 billion bid. Then-prime minister Stephen Harper made the decision to allow the takeover in 2012 amid controversy and concern about Chinese SOEs buying strategic natural resources. Following the decision, Harper announced new guidelines, restricting SOE takeover of oilsands companies except on an “exceptional basis.” CSIS warned about the risks of foreign SOE takeovers back then as well, including in a report issued on the same day Nexen shareholders approved the Chinese takeover in September 2012.
A Nexen oil sands facility near Fort McMurray, AB, July 10, 2012. The company has since been bought by China's state-owned CNOOC. (The Canadian Press/Jeff McIntosh)
According to a Jamestown Foundation report, among the incentives for China acquiring Canadian energy firms is access to advanced technology such as oilsands extraction and hydraulic fracturing. CNOOC’s then-chairman Fu Chengyu said as much back in 2005 when the company bought a 17 percent stake in oilsands firm MEG Energy, noting how such purchases allow CNOOC to “exploit the advanced technology and expertise of oilsands development,” which can in turn be used back in China, the report notes.
A 2019 report by The Canadian Press says the three Chinese oil and gas SOE giants remain committed to their operations in Alberta’s oilsands despite current setbacks due to falling oil prices. This is even more remarkable given the fallout from Canada’s arrest of Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou and Beijing’s subsequent aggressive stance against Ottawa.
In recent years, Chinese investments have been more focused in the metal and minerals sector. In another controversial takeover bid this year, a Chinese SOE proposed the acquisition of TMAC Resources’ Hope Bay gold mine in Nunavut. The move raised concerns in the security and intelligence community due to the strategic location of the site and China’s interest in the Arctic. The proposed acquisition is pending a national security review by Ottawa.
Advancing Beijing’s ‘Strategic Influence’
Charles Burton, a senior fellow at the Macdonald-Laurier Institute, said Chinese SOEs invest in key sectors in Canada to advance the strategic influence of the Beijing regime. These SOEs work with the Chinese military to gather strategically important information, he noted.
“These enterprises are closely connected to the ministries of the Chinese state that they respond to, and they are required to be governed by their CCP branch,” Burton told the parliamentary committee for industry, science, and technology in June.
FBI Director Christopher Wray told the Council on Foreign Relations last year that Beijing is pioneering a “societal approach to stealing innovation,” listing SOEs and even Chinese private companies as among the main vehicles for this strategy.
“They’re doing it through Chinese intelligence services, through state-owned enterprises, through ostensibly private companies, through graduate students and researchers, through a variety of actors all working on behalf of China,” he said.
Concerns about links between Chinese SOEs and the Chinese military are serious enough that a 2019 annual report by the congressional U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission listed the assessment of Beijing’s SOE expansions overseas as a main part of a recommended undertaking to identify where Beijing may be taking initiatives to set up a military presence.
Conservative Sen. Thanh Hai Ngo in a file photo. (Ren Qiaosheng/The Epoch Times)
The commission said in its 2016 report that U.S. lawmakers should ban Chinese SOEs from acquiring U.S. companies.
During the last Parliament, Conservative Sen. Thanh Hai Ngo introduced a bill to require a mandatory review of investments by foreign SOEs.
“Canada should take a very strong position regarding SOEs in Canada. We should vet them,” Ngo told The Epoch Times. “All [Chinese] state-owned enterprises belong to the CCP, they control it. Even the private companies, like Huawei, are controlled by the CCP.”
Conservative MP Garnett Genuis, a member of the parliamentary committee on Canada-China relations, says China’s SOEs are not like companies in other countries as they don’t operate independently of the government.
“In all of their operations, [Chinese SOEs] seek to advance the objectives of the state and the military,” he said in an interview.
The ‘Private’ Sector
Besides investments by Chinese SOEs, there has also been significant uptick in investment from the Chinese private sector, which in recent years has even outpaced Chinese SOE investments in Canada. A South China Morning Post report notes that between 2013 and 2017, private mainland investors took over at least a dozen Canadian energy companies.
The lines between private and state enterprises in China are murky.
Chinese companies are required by law to help China’s intelligence agencies, which includes handing over information when required. Chinese private enterprises also host Chinese Communist Party committees; in September, the CCP leadership gave these committees greater power to make important decisions for private companies.
“As China’s state and Party heavily overlap, the latter’s increased influence within the private sector makes it more likely that nominally private firms will act with motives aside from profit maximizing,” says a paper by researcher Kai Valdez Bettcher for the University of Calgary.
According to the paper, China’s investment in Canada from 1993 to 2017 has reached a total of $86 billion, while other sources put the figure closer to $63.5 billion. Depending on the lower or higher value assumed, Canada would be either the third- or seventh-largest recipient of China’s foreign direct investment, or cross-border investment, the paper says.
Sensitive Sectors
Concerned about the risk of failing businesses becoming vulnerable to Chinese takeover during the pandemic and in the post-pandemic economy, Australia in March temporarily tightened its rules governing foreign takeovers of strategic assets, subjecting such proposals to greater scrutiny by the government.
A number of expert witnesses urged Canadian MPs earlier this year to halt Chinese investments in sensitive sectors. Among them was former Blackberry executive Jim Balsillie, who recommended a moratorium on SOE acquisitions of “authoritarian countries” in certain sectors.
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau speaks at a press conference in Ottawa on Nov. 13, 2020. (The Canadian Press/Sean Kilpatrick)
In previous years, the Liberal government had allowed the takeover of sensitive high-tech Canadian companies by Chinese firms, despite security warnings from U.S. politicians and the Opposition. In one case in 2017, Canada allowed a Chinese company to buy Norsat, a Vancouver-based satellite communication firm. The same year, Ottawa allowed a Hong Kong-based company to buy Montreal-based laser technology company ITF Technologies. The Liberal government however did reject the takeover of major Canadian construction giant Aecon bid by CCCI, a Chinese SOE, in 2018.
This year, the Liberals came under heavy criticism by the Opposition for initially choosing to use Chinese SOE Nuctech to install security equipment in Canadian embassies and consulates. The deal was eventually scrapped after reports about the contract were made public, and amid security concerns raised by the Opposition and in the media.
Joint RCMP and CSIS Report
A leaked 1997 joint report by the RCMP and CSIS, dubbed Sidewinder, warned that the Beijing regime is trying to gain influence in Canadian politics “by maximizing their presence over some of the country’s economic levers.”
The report said Chinese intelligence agencies, wealthy Hong Kong tycoons, and Chinese triad members were joining forces to buy Canadian companies and assets.
“Economic, political, and security indicators based on factual data revealed the potential threat and efforts made by the Chinese to obtain Canadian technology, but above all to obtain influence over economic levers and prominent Canadian figures,” the report said.
Typical cases of Beijing-run activities in Canada involve Chinese actors legally setting up companies that buy other Canadian companies that in turn set up other shell companies, the report said. It added that the companies are often used to conceal criminal or intelligence activities, as well as for conducting economic espionage.
“An effective domino effect ensues that acts like a well-spun web or network at strategic points,” it said.
The report estimated at the time that over 200 Canadian companies were under Chinese control.
The Chinese SOE highlighted in the report most prominently for its operations in Canada is CITIC, formerly known as the China International Trust Investment & Company.
Two men chat next to the offices of CITIC Pacific in Hong Kong on April 8, 2009. (Philippe Lopez/AFP via Getty Images)
China’s CITIC in Canada
CITIC, a state-owned Chinese investment company, has been on the forefront of Canada-China relations. It also came to attention over illegal contributions to the U.S. Democratic Party and concerns about China’s interference operations during the Clinton administration in the late 1990s.
CITIC is a founding member of the Canada China Business Council (CCBC), which has been a key organization advocating for closer ties between Canada and China since shortly after Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau established diplomatic ties between Canada and the CCP in the 1970s.
The Sidewinder report mentions that the Chinese conglomerate has multiple subsidiaries in Canada and owns many assets, including hotels in major Canadian cities.
Among CITIC’s initial ventures in Canada was a pulp mill in British Columbia in 1986. The project was a joint venture between CITIC and Montreal-based Power Corporation, whose CEO and chairman at the time, Paul Desmarais, was the founder of the CCBC and a major contributor to CITIC’s involvement in Canada.
Power Corp., Desmarais, and his sons have been among the most influential figures in Canadian business and political circles to foster closer ties between Canada and the CCP. Four former prime ministers, including Pierre Trudeau, Brian Mulroney, Jean Chrétien, and Paul Martin, all served as advisory board members of Power Corp. after leaving office. Chrétien’s daughter is married to Paul Desmarais’s son, André Desmarais.
Andre Desmarais and Paul Desmarais Jr., then-co-CEOs of Power Corporation who have since retired, before the start of their company's annual meeting in Toronto on May 14, 2019. (The Canadian Press/Chris Young)
André Desmarais was a board member of CITIC Pacific from 1997 to 2014, during which time Power Corp. owned stakes in the CITIC subsidiary.
Power Corp. also has a 13.9 percent ownership in China Asset Management, an affiliate of CITIC. Another subsidiary of Power Corp., Mackenzie Financial Corporation, has a 13.9 percent stake in China Asset Management as well.
The Chinese Investment Corporation (CIC), which invests China’s foreign exchange reserves, holds a significant share in the Canadian mining company Teck Resources. Besides being government-owned, CIC has other links with CITIC. It is headquartered in CITIC Tower in Hong Kong, where CITIC Pacific also has its headquarters. And it has bought a 40 percent stake in CITIC subsidiary CITIC Capital, which specializes in private equity and real estate funds.
CITIC has a reputation for having links to the Chinese military and China’s espionage apparatus.
Wang Jun, who was at one time the chairman of CITIC, was also at the same time in charge of Poly Group, a Chinese SOE formed as a manufacturing arm of the People’s Liberation Army. Wang was at the centre of a donation scandal in the 1990s when Arkansas restaurateur and Democratic Party donor Yah Lin “Charlie” Trie used his influence to secure a meeting between then-president Bill Clinton and Wang in 1996. At the time of the meeting, Wang’s Poly company was under investigation for illegal arms trading in the United States. Representatives of the company were charged with arms smuggling into the United States a few months after the meeting.
Clinton later said he shouldn’t have met with Wang, and the US$640,000 amount donated by Trie to the Democratic National Convention, as well as $460,000 raised for Clinton’s legal defence, were returned amid questions about the source of the funds and allegations of China’s role in the affair.
The Sidewinder report accused CITIC of the same influence-peddling tactics in Canada.
“CITIC has repeated the gesture [as it did in the United States] by contributing through its Canadian subsidiaries to Canadian political parties,” the report said.
The report noted that Poly Technologies, a subsidiary of Poly Group, as well as Northern Industrial Corporation (Norinco)—both SOEs under the control of CITIC with subsidiaries around the world including in Canada—were involved in alleged illegal supply of arms to gangs in the United States.
According to Poly Group’s website, the company was founded by the PLA General Staff Department and CITIC. The name of the joint venture, Poly, was given by CITIC’s president at the time, Xu Zhaolong, which in Chinese means “defending victory,” the company says.
Former Democratic Party fundraiser Yah Lin "Charlie" Trie (L) listens to his attorney William Hassler during his testimony to members of the U.S. House Government Reform Committee on Capitol Hill, Washington, on March 1, 2000. (George Bridges/AFP via Getty Images)
“Poly’s logo ‘P’ came from the first letter of Peoples’ Liberation Army, and with meaning of Poly and power,” the website says.
A Chicago Tribune report in 1997 noted that former prime minister Brian Mulroney was an advisory council member for CITIC and was also on the advisory board of Bombardier when the Canadian company signed a contract with Wang’s Poly Technologies to sell corporate jets to China. At the time of the report, Poly Technologies was indicted for smuggling AK-47 assault rifles into the United States.
Mulroney confirmed in an email that he served on the CITIC advisory council for some time.
A number of other prominent former western politicians have held advisory roles with CITIC as well. A 1998 U.S. Senate report notes that former U.S. secretary of state Henry Kissinger, famous for pushing for closer ties between the United States and the CCP, has maintained business ties with CITIC.
CITIC and China’s Military and Intelligence Apparatus
CITIC was set up in 1979 under the direction of CCP de facto leader Deng Xiaoping to bring foreign investment to China, but has since expanded to multiple subsidiaries with investments all over the world.
According to the 2019 book “Chinese Spies” by veteran French journalist Roger Faligot, since its inception, CITIC was known to have among its ranks a large number of Chinese secret agents.
“CITIC, one of the most powerful state-owned enterprises in China, was swarming with secret agents,” Faligot writes.
Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (L) and Power Corp. Co-Chairman Paul Desmarais Jr., since retired, arrive at the International Economic Forum of the Americas in Montreal on June 11, 2008. (The Canadian Press/Ryan Remiorz)
Among CITIC’s leadership was Xiong Xianghui, who was vice chairman and Party secretary of CITIC in the 1980s. Xiong was a famous spy for the CCP during the Chinese civil war prior to the communists gaining power in China, and was later a high-ranking official in the regime’s intelligence apparatus.
Faligot quotes Agnès Andrésy, publisher of the Hong Kong-based Arcanes de Chine newsletter, as saying a second leading figure in CITIC was Mi Guojun, who was in charge of an intelligence bureau within the ministry of foreign affairs.
“The CITIC was the cover of choice for intelligence activities. It made contact with people, established partnerships, and furnished logistical assistance to the PLA and to the companies involved in the military-industrial complex,” Andrésy is quoted as saying in “Chinese Spies.”
Last year, the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, which invests heavily in China, signed Yin Ke, a former executive with various CITIC subsidiaries, as its senior adviser on China. The pension board also has substantial investments in CITIC and its subsidiaries.
CITIC and Poly Group did not respond to requests for comment.
With reporting by Cathy He, Frank Fang, Eva Fu, and Hongyan Lu
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