Many people experience “long COVID” symptoms after an acute attack of COVID-19 infection. Half of them are neuropsychiatric and show obvious symptoms. How do COVID-19 infections damage the brain and nerves?
Half of All Long COVID Cases Have Psychiatric and Neurological Symptoms
According to a study published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases in 2022, among the top 18 symptoms of long COVID, 50 percent of them are neuropsychiatric ones, including memory problems, sleep problems, brain fog, anxiety, depression, smell or taste disorders, dizziness, and headaches.These symptoms can have a significant impact on people’s daily work and life.
To find effective solutions, we first need to understand how the SARS-CoV-2 virus damages one’s neuropsychiatric system.
The SARS-CoV-2 Virus Can Cross the ‘Blood-brain Barrier’ and Attack the Brain
First, the SARS-CoV-2 virus can enter the brain.In healthy people, the brain is firmly protected by the blood-brain barrier, so harmful substances and immune cells generally cannot break into the brain under healthy conditions.
These immune triggered pathological changes are expected. However, what is more surprising is that SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins were directly detectable in the different brain regions of 53 percent of these patients, including the neuronal center controlling respiratory and cardiac functions in the lower part of brainstem (connective part between cerebrum and spinal cord).
- After being inhaled into the nasal cavity, the virus binds to ACE2 receptors in the olfactory nerve terminals and thus enters the central nervous system in a way of reverse axonal transportation.
- After the virus enters the endothelial cells of the blood vessels, it could be released by these cells, enter into other cell layers, and then finally break through the blood-brain barrier.
- The virus enters into the immune cells in the peripheral blood and “rides” on them to cross the blood-brain barrier like soldiers in a Trojan horse.
Experiment: 3 Days after COVID Infection, Only 5 Percent of Neural Progenitor Cells Were Left
A study published in the journal Cell Research found that the SARS-CoV-2 virus not only replicates in neuronal cells, but also causes the apoptosis (cell death) of neural progenitor cells. Only less than 5 percent of neural progenitor cells survived for 3 days after the COVID infection, and the percentage dropped to less than 2.5 percent after five days.In addition to directly affecting the brain and nerve cells, inducing cell death, the SARS-CoV-2 virus can attack blood vessels, causing ischemia (restricting blood flow) and hypoxia (lack of oxygen) in the brain; the antibodies to the virus can also bind to the normal brain components, resulting in autoimmune attacks on the brain nerves.
SARS-CoV-2 Virus Inhibits ‘Autophagy,’ Affects Brain’s Self-Renewal
In addition to these reasons, a recent article published in the journal Developmental Cell found that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can inhibit the cells’ autophagic process.The concept of autophagy was first introduced in 1974 by Belgian cell and biochemist Christian de Duve, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Literally, autophagy means “eating oneself.” It is an important physiological mechanism for cells to digest and reuse waste products and to renew themselves.
During the process of autophagy, an autophagosome is first produced in the cell, and it acts as a “garbage bag” to wrap the various waste products in the cell. The “garbage bag” will have to fuse with a lysosome (loads of enzymes to break down the garbage) to form a “garbage processing station” called an autolysosome, which will break down and recycle the wrapped waste materials.
Autophagy is an important physiological mechanism that not only removes harmful components from cells in a timely manner, but also transforms useless proteins into recyclable amino acids. This brings a variety of benefits to the body, including anti-aging benefits, reduced inflammatory status, boosted immunity, and reduced cancer risk.
In cells infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the formation of autolysosomes has been blocked, substantially resulting in many more garbage bags but reduced processing ability. SARS-CoV-2 virus blocks the formation of autolysosomes, and prevents the timely recycling of waste and harmful substances in the cells.
In addition, the inhibition of autophagy leads to the accumulation of undigested viral proteins and genetic material in cells, increasing the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and causing cytokine storms, which are even worse for the already fragile neuronal cells.
So, neuronal cells are extremely sensitive to such disruptions. Without an effective rescue, one can imagine the impact of such cells being nearly corrupted and dying.
2 Simple Tips to Activate Autophagy
Autophagy plays a very important role in human health. So how can we activate the inhibited autophagy process?The body automatically activates autophagy when cells are invaded or damaged by pathogens. In addition, intermittent fasting can also activate the autophagy process, because fasting can cause cells to lack nutrients and enter a state of starvation, which will encourage cells to clean up and recycle waste materials. Therefore, fasting can improve many chronic diseases, including diabetes and rheumatism.
1. Terpene Nutrients
Plants provide us with many health-improving nutrients.In an article published in the journal Aging in 2021, Russian scientists mentioned that terpenes extracted from Siberian fir trees could effectively activate autophagy.
2. Sitting in Meditation
Another therapy that can activate autophagy is sitting in meditation.After one week, it was found that the meditators had significantly lower serum Aβ40, which implies increased autophagy in brain nerve cells and a reduced risk of dementia.
This finding echoes the findings of a study published in the journal Neurobiology of Aging in 2007.
Meditators also showed great improvement in the ability to concentrate and in their response times, which may help long COVID patients suffering from brain fog.
This prolonged pandemic has affected the human body in many ways, including putting tremendous stress on our neurological and mental health. By taking a holistic approach and understanding the close connections between man and nature, the mind and body, we may have a better chance to lift our physical and mental health levels fundamentally.
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