DUBAI, United Arab Emirates—The Middle East is expected to see significant economic growth this year, but also soaring inflation and food prices, as coronavirus vaccines are unevenly rolled out across the region, the International Monetary Fund said Tuesday.
The lender’s new report projects the region’s economies will grow by around 4 percent, while inflation will reach 17 percent this year in oil-importing countries. It said the situation is particularly dire in countries already facing severe economic crises, such as Lebanon and Afghanistan. The IMF said globally, inflation is rising in part due to pandemic-related supply shortages.
Food prices have soared to their highest level since 2014, with an expected increase of nearly 28 percent in 2021. Oil prices have also risen, with Brent crude trading Tuesday at nearly $85 a barrel—levels not seen since 2014. While a positive sign for exporters like Iraq, Libya, and Gulf Arab states, this is a costly spike for importers.
“This has affected, because of the nature of the inflation, affected the low income and the vulnerable groups more than others. And this is why we’re calling for a cautious approach and the right mix of policies to avoid this increase in prices this year,” IMF director of the Middle East and Central Asia, Jihad Azour, said.
Across the Middle East, about 7 million more people are estimated to have entered extreme poverty over the course of 2020, compared to the fund’s projections before the coronavirus pandemic. The IMF warned that uneven recovery from the global health crisis could lead to “a permanent widening of existing wealth, income, and social gaps and, ultimately ... less inclusive societies.”
In one example of that uneven recovery, the Gulf Arab oil-exporting nations of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, and Qatar will see inflation peak at just 2.8 percent this year compared to the Mideast’s oil-importing nations, where average inflation will climb to 17 percent in 2021 before dipping to just under 10 percent in 2022, according to the IMF’s forecast.
The lender also found that the average unemployment rate in the region increased from 9.4 percent before the pandemic to 10.7 percent in 2020. The IMF said this represents the second-largest regional increase globally after Central and Latin America. The hardest-hit sectors were low-skilled workers—particularly those unable to do their jobs remotely—as well as women, young people, and the millions who work in the informal sector and lack formal workplace protections such as health insurance, pensions, and contracts.
Overall, the six Gulf Arab oil-producing nations saw an average 4.8 percent contraction in their economies last year, but the IMF projects 2.5 percent growth for 2021 and an even bigger 4.2 percent growth for 2022. These nations, which have accelerated their vaccination drives, are forecast to have a total of $220 billion in public deficits and forthcoming debt service payments.
Oil importers, which include the Mideast’s most populous nation of Egypt, did not see as sharp a contraction as regional oil producers last year. Rather, they are expected to see 3 percent growth in their economies this year and 4.3 percent growth in 2022.
The IMF said the region, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, and some Central Asian nations, has secured 576 million vaccines. This suggests a shortage of about 66 million vaccines—24 million for the Middle East, 7 million for Afghanistan, 21 million for Pakistan, and 14 million for Central Asian nations.
Lebanon’s economy contracted by a whopping 25 percent in 2020, but due to the instability and economic upheaval there, the fund was unable to even forecast or project economic growth or contraction figures for this year or next. Lebanon is in talks with the IMF to help rescue it out of the worst economic crisis in its modern history.
Since the country’s political and economic crisis began in October 2019, Lebanon’s currency has lost more than 90 percent of its value. Lebanon’s total debt is about $90 billion, with more than 70 percent of Lebanon’s population of 6 million people, including 1 million Syrian refugees, in poverty, according to the United Nations.
“Lebanon needs assistance, financial assistance by the international community, bilateral and multilateral support to help Lebanon address all these issues,” Azour said, adding that the IMF is coordinating with Lebanese authorities to have updated information on its baseline economic figures and understand what the country’s reform priorities are.
Afghanistan, now ruled by the Taliban, also has no economic forecast figures for 2021 or 2022 in the latest IMF report. With foreign assets now frozen, the aid-dependent country faces cash shortages, falling imports, a depreciating currency, and accelerating inflation.
“The resulting drop in living standards threatens to push millions into poverty and could lead to a humanitarian crisis,” the IMF said.
Furthermore, the IMF noted that before the Taliban takeover there were at least 3.5 million displaced people inside Afghanistan and nearly 3 million Afghan refugees globally—half in Pakistan. The cost of hosting new Afghan refugees could amount to hundreds of millions of dollars in neighboring countries like Pakistan, Iran, and Tajikistan.
