Vitamin B12: A Superhero in Neurology
“B12 and folate are required for DNA synthesis, so are essential to the function of cells, including neurons,” Dr. J. David Spence, professor emeritus of neurology and clinical pharmacology at Western University in Ontario, Canada, told The Epoch Times. Folate, a different B vitamin, works in close relation to B12 in forming neurons.Another primary role is its involvement in forming and maintaining the myelin sheath. Myelin is a fatty substance that covers and insulates nerve fibers, allowing for efficient nerve signal transmission.
A Powerful Antioxidant
While vitamins C and E are well-known antioxidants, research suggests that vitamin B12 is also a potent antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress. Oxidative stress triggers inflammation to repair damage, but sustained inflammation can contribute to a number of diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease.Slowing Cognitive Decline
Knowing B12’s potential neuroprotective role, researchers have studied its efficacy in slowing dementia. Observational studies have found low B12 levels were associated with faster cognitive decline and higher Alzheimer’s risk.
A Swedish study found that B12 levels of less than 250 picomoles per liter—when normal levels of B12 are considered to be 260 to 1,200 picomoles per liter—doubled the risk of Alzheimer’s disease developing in adults older than 75 within three years, especially if the person is also deficient in folate.Additionally, a 10-year, cross-sectional longitudinal study found that low B12 could sometimes precede cognitive decline. Researchers suggested that correcting B12 deficiency may benefit cognitively impaired seniors.
A 2020 study tested B12 replacement therapy on 202 patients who were deficient in vitamin B12 and who had also experienced impaired cognition and memory. After treatment, 84 percent of the patients reported marked symptom improvement. Most participants also scored higher on the Mini-Mental State Examination, a screening tool for cognitive impairment.
Well-known for investigating the association between B12 deficiency and dementia, Dr. Spence said that he first witnessed B12’s effectiveness when he was an intern after an injection helped a severely B12-deficient older woman.
“[She] was literally on the gurney about to be taken back to the nursing home by ambulance,” he said. “Her family doctor called me three days later to tell me that [her cognitive function] had improved remarkably.
“That was one of the reasons I became interested in vitamin B12.”
The vitamin can prevent dementia and, if given early enough, can also improve it, Dr. Spence said. However, it’s important to use methylcobalamin or hydroxocobalamin—two different types of B12—because a third type, cyanocobalamin, is toxic in people with impaired kidney function, which often includes older people, he said.Preventing Dementia Through Lifestyle
The scientific literature and anecdotal accounts both mark the significance of B12’s role in dementia prevention. But a holistic view is also essential, according to Pamela Frank, a licensed naturopathic physician.
“Dementia is a complex, chronic illness and is unlikely to be caused by just one issue, such as B12 deficiency,” she told The Epoch Times. “There are likely multiple contributing factors.”
In addition to optimal B12 levels, Ms. Frank recommends daily aerobic exercise. “Think of a brisk 30-minute walk every morning,” she said.
This strengthens the circulatory system and increases the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which correlates with lower dementia risk. Being outside also improves mood and vitamin D levels, helping to maintain neuron health, Ms. Frank said.
Healthy sleep habits are crucial, as sleep deprivation is associated with a higher dementia risk.
Minimizing sugar intake is also key, she said.
“High blood sugar-induced inflammation damages blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the brain, impairing circulation,” Ms. Frank said. Brain inflammation worsens dementia symptoms.
Ms. Frank also emphasized cultivating a healthy gut microbiome with fermented foods, such as kimchi and sauerkraut, and fiber, because gut dysbiosis has been linked to a greater risk of developing dementia.
A balanced lifestyle approach can moderate inflammation and support brain and body health.