ilding industry. Launched under the Biden administration in April 2024, the probe continued into Trump’s second term and culminated in a comprehensive report released in January.

The report details Beijing’s discriminatory, non-market practices, including state direction of both publicly owned and private enterprises, extensive subsidies, and unfair labor practices. It also highlights government support for excess production capacity of steel, along with state-led industrial consolidation aimed at creating barriers for foreign companies to access the Chinese market.

According to the report, these policies have “undercut competition and taken market share with dramatic effect,” boosting China’s share of global shipbuilding output from less than 5 percent in 1999 to more than 50 percent by 2023. This level of dominance gives China considerable influence over the pricing and availability of ships used in international trade.

Today, Chinese-built vessels make up the majority of the fleets operated by the world’s largest shipping companies, and China itself commands nearly one-fifth of the global commercial shipping fleet.

In contrast, the U.S. shipbuilding industry, once a global leader in the decades following World War II, has suffered a prolonged decline and now accounts for less than 1 percent of global output.

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