NEW YORK—The year 2020 was a wild one for Wall Street, bookended by the end of the longest bull market in history with the battering of equities by the COVID-19 shutdowns, and a bungee-cord rebound on hopes for an economic recovery that resulted in the shortest bear market on record.
After closing at a record high on Feb. 19, stocks suffered a month-long plummet as the coronavirus pandemic and related government lockdowns sowed panic about the damage to the economy in the United States and globally.
A 9.5 percent slide in the S&P 500 on March 12, the benchmark index’s biggest-one day percentage drop since the “Black Monday” crash of 1987, put it down 26.7 percent from the February high and confirmed a bear market, widely viewed as a decline of more than 20 percent from a high.
But the slide only lasted until March 23, when the S&P bottomed. It went on to surpass its February high on Aug. 18, marking the start of a new bull market. The 23 trading days of a bear market were the fewest ever.
The S&P closed 2020 at a record high on Dec. 31, as did the Dow Jones Industrial Average, with annual gains of 16.3 percent and 7.2 percent, respectively. The Nasdaq’s 43.6 percent year-on-year gain was the biggest for the tech-heavy index since 2009.
Along with $2 trillion in fiscal stimulus by the U.S. government to buttress a flagging economy, a major reason for the rebound in stocks in March were the monetary stimulus measures supplied by the Federal Reserve, which announced an array of programs to backstop the economy on March 23.
The Fed moves kept Treasury yields low, making stocks more attractive to investors.
As stocks continued to recover and vaccine developments grew more promising, investors began to rotate toward companies that historically outperform as an economy moves out of recession, namely small caps, and to cyclical sectors such as energy, materials, industrials, and financials, in the latter part of the year.
With a large portion of cyclical names comprising “value” stocks, the group began to close the gap in what had long been a period of underperformance to “growth” names. The value style never fully reestablished dominance, but the momentum behind the technology stocks that led the rally was enough to leave growth with the better performance this year.
But even with the push higher late in the year, the energy sector wound up as the worst performer by a large margin in 2020, while tech and consumer discretionary led the way higher.
All in all, uncertainty and fear related to the pandemic made for the S&P 500’s most volatile year in over a decade, with the index surging or slumping 2 percent or more in over 40 sessions.
As for individual stock performance, Tesla jumped the line to the top spot when it was added to the S&P 500 index on Dec. 21. It gained 743 percent during the year.
The impact of the coronavirus was evident, with stocks that benefited from the “stay-at-home” environment such as online marketplace Etsy rallying roughly 300 percent. Travel names took the brunt of the damage, with cruise ship operators Carnival and Norwegian Cruise among the worst performers.
Tesla was by far the most traded, accounting for nearly 7 cents of every dollar, on average each day, according to Refinitiv data.
The rise of low-cost, easy-to-use trading apps unleashed a flood of retail investor money into stocks and helped fuel a watershed year for new stock offerings. Retail investors have accounted for as much as 25 percent of the stock market’s activity this year, up from 10 percent of the market in 2019, according to brokerage Citadel Securities.
