Henry Kissinger as adviser under four presidents and secretary of state for the administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford was highly influential in shaping U.S. foreign policy for decades, including the Vietnam War.
The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his role in the 1973 Paris peace agreement with North Vietnam. The accord led to a cease-fire and the withdrawal of U.S. troops two years later.
Lec Duc Tho, Politburo member and negotiator for the North Vietnamese regime, declined the prize. In 1975 he led the effort to overthrow the South Vietnamese government, making the peace deal obsolete.
At the time of the awarding of the prize, a ceasefire had not yet become effective. In addition, the award was controversial and received poorly by the public because of Kissinger’s harsh handling of the Vietnam War and his influence in other armed conflicts around the world. The vocal anti-war movement saw it as an affront to award the Peace Prize to those they saw responsible for the conflict.
Two Nobel committee members resigned in protest over the controversy. Kissinger said he was too busy to personally come to Oslo to pick up the prize, and later tried to return it.
1935
Carl von Ossietzky
Carl von Ossietzky, a pacifist and journalist, was a fierce critic of rearmament and political extremism in Germany in the 1930s. One month after Adolf Hitler took power he was sent to a concentration camp. He was awarded the prize while imprisoned. The selection of von Ossietzky caused a split within the Nobel Committee, with Norway fearing to be seen as interfering with German internal affairs. Norwegian King Haakon did not attend the awards ceremony. Hitler was greatly angered by the decision and issued a decree forbidding any German to receive a Nobel Prize. Von Ossietzky, who was not able to pick up the prize himself, soon died as a result of prolonged torture. This marked the first time that an individual working in opposition to his own government was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Though very controversial at that time, the award is now considered as one of the most successful ones.
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1948
No award
The year that Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of India’s peaceful independence struggle, died, no award was given by the Nobel Peace Prize Committee since “there was no suitable living candidate.” The statutes at that time did not allow the award to be given posthumously. While Gandhi was nominated five times for the award, including a few days before his assassination, he was never awarded. Until 1960, only white Europeans and Americans—mostly politicians or humanitarian relief workers—had been given the prestigious honor.
1994
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, and Yitzhak Rabin
Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, were honored “for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East.” The award was given in support of the Oslo Peace Accords that for first time established mutual recognition between the state of Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), a treaty all three had signed a year earlier. The Oslo negotiations represented a significant turnabout for Arafat, who had led his PLO in a terrorism campaign for independence against Israel. In 1993, Arafat publically denounced terrorism, yet he remained a highly controversial choice for the prize. Norwegian Nobel committee member, Kaare Kristiansen, resigned in disgust over the decision.
2006
Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank
The Bangladeshi economist was awarded for his “efforts through microcredit to create economic and social development from below,” according to the Nobel committee. Muhammad Yunus established The Grameen Bank to provide small low-credit loans to the poor, mostly women, who don’t qualify for a regular bank loan. Bangladesh’s central bank in 2011 removed Yunus from his post, following an investigation into disapprobation of funds. Critics also say that the bank’s lack of regulation results in women falling deeper into debt.
