With the help of satellite data, scientists have shown that low-level cloud cover in the tropics thins out as Earth warms. Because this cloud cover has a cooling effect on the climate, the two-degree warming target set by the Paris Agreement may arrive sooner than predicted.
It is indisputable that greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere heat up our planet. But it is harder to determine the exact dependence of the temperature rise on greenhouse gas concentrations. Scientists refer to this dependence as climate sensitivity. If we assume that human activity leads to a sustained doubling of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, how much will the earth warm on average?
“Probably between 1.5 and 4.5 degrees Celsius” was the vague answer of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its most recent Assessment Report from 2013.
Tapio Schneider, professor for climate dynamics at ETH Zurich, and Florent Brient, a postdoctoral researcher in his group, have achieved this with the help of new analyses. “It’s very unlikely that the climate sensitivity is less than 2.3 degrees Celsius,” says Schneider. “Climate sensitivity is more likely situated in the upper half of previous estimates, probably around four degrees.”
The main reason for the uncertainty in previous climate sensitivity estimates has been the difficulty in determining the exact influence of cloud cover—particularly low-level clouds in the tropics, Schneider explains. Scientists disagreed as to whether—and how much—this cloud cover might change in the future as the climate changes.
To get to the bottom of this question, Brient and Schneider evaluated a large quantity of satellite data from the past 15 years. The data came from radiometers situated on board of the satellites in NASA’s CERES program. The satellites continuously measure how much sunlight reflects from Earth back into space. The scientists were able to show that, in the past, there were fewer low-lying clouds in warmer years than in colder years.
The researchers used the new information to evaluate the quality of nearly 30 current climate models. They found that almost all models that were consistent with the observational data also predicted fewer low-lying clouds under long-term global warming. The scientists therefore assume that this cloud cover will continue to thin out as the earth warms.
All the models that match the observational data also have a climate sensitivity of at least 2.3 degrees Celsius, with most having much higher climate sensitivities.
This suggests that the threshold of two degrees warming above pre-industrial levels, which countries committed not to exceed in the Paris Agreement, may be reached earlier than anticipated. Because the climate sensitivity likely lies in the upper range of previous estimates, a smaller increase in CO2 concentrations than previously thought may suffice to reach the threshold.
The findings appear in the Journal of Climate.
Source: ETH Zurich Original Study
