Mars’s largest moon, Phobos, is slowly falling toward the planet, but probably won’t smash into the red planet’s surface. Instead, it likely will be shredded and the pieces strewn about the planet in a ring like those encircling Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune.
Though inevitable, the demise of Phobos is not imminent. It will probably not happen for 20 to 40 million years.
A new study published online in the journal Nature Geoscience, estimates the cohesiveness of Phobos is insufficient to resist the tidal forces that will pull it apart when it gets closer to Mars.
Just as Earth’s moon pulls on our planet in different directions, raising tides in the oceans, for example, Mars tugs differently on different parts of Phobos. As Phobos gets closer to the planet, the tugs are enough to actually pull the moon apart, scientists say. That’s because Phobos is highly fractured, with lots of pores and rubble. Dismembering it is analogous to pulling apart a granola bar, scattering crumbs and chunks everywhere.
The resulting rubble from Phobos—rocks of various sizes and a lot of dust—would continue to orbit Mars and quickly distribute themselves around the planet in a ring. While the largest chunks would eventually spiral into the planet and collide at a grazing angle to produce egg-shaped craters, the majority of the debris would circle the planet for millions of years until these pieces, too, drop onto the planet in “moon” showers, like meteor showers. Only Mars’s other moon, Deimos, would remain.
Crash or Crumble
Researchers were drawn to the question of what might happen to Phobos because its fate is expected to be so different from that of most other moons in our solar system.
“While our moon is moving away from Earth at a few centimeters per year, Phobos is moving toward Mars at a few centimeters per year, so it is almost inevitable that it will either crash into Mars or break apart,” says Benjamin Black, a postdoctoral fellow in the Earth and planetary sciences department at the University of California–Berkeley.
“One of our motivations for studying Phobos was as a test case to develop ideas of what processes a moon might undergo as it moves inward toward a planet.”
Only one other moon in the solar system, Neptune’s largest moon, Triton, is known to be moving closer to its planet.
Studying such moons is relevant to conditions in our early solar system, says coauthor Tushar Mittal, also a postdoctoral fellow in Earth and planetary sciences, when it’s likely there were many more moons around the planets that have since disintegrated into rings—the suspected origins of the rings of the outer planets.
Some studies estimate that during planet formation, 20–30 percent of planets acquire moons moving inward and destined for destruction, though they would have long since disappeared. Some of Mars’s several thousand elliptical craters may even have been formed by remnants of such moonlets crashing to the surface at a grazing angle.
A ‘Really Narrow Ring’
To estimate the strength of Phobos, the researchers looked at data from similarly fractured rocks on Earth and from meteorites that struck Earth and have a density and composition similar to Phobos.
They also constrained the strength of Phobos based on results from simulations of the 10-kilometer (6-mile) diameter Stickney impact crater, which formed in the past when a rock rammed into Phobos without quite smashing the moon apart. That crater spans about one-sixth the circumference of Phobos and looks as if someone took a scoop out of the moon.
Once they determined when and how they expected tidal forces to tear Phobos apart, Mittal modeled the evolution of the ring, adapting techniques developed to understand Saturn’s rings.
“If the moon broke apart at 1.2 Mars radii, about 680 kilometers (423 miles) above the surface, it would form a really narrow ring comparable in density to that of one of Saturn’s most massive rings,” Mittal says. “Over time it would spread out and get wider, reaching the top of the Martian atmosphere in a few million years, when it would start losing material because stuff would keep raining down on Mars.”
If the moon breaks up farther from Mars, the ring could persist for 100 million years before raining down on Mars.
It’s not clear whether the dust and debris rings would be visible from Earth, since dust does not reflect much sunlight, whereas ice in the rings of the outer planets makes them easily visible. But Mars’s ring may reflect enough light to make the planet slightly brighter as seen from Earth, and through a telescope the shadows of the rings might also be visible on the surface.
“Standing on the surface of Mars a few tens of millions of years from now, it would be pretty spectacular to watch,” Black says.
This article was originally published by UC Berkeley. Republished via Futurity.org under Creative Commons License 4.0.
