Liquid helium, when cooled down nearly to absolute zero, exhibits unusual properties that scientists have struggled to understand: it creeps up walls and flows freely through impossibly small channels, completely lacking viscosity.
It becomes a new state of matter—a “superfluid.”
Researchers have now used X-rays from a free-electron laser to peer inside individual droplets of liquid helium and explore whether this liquid helium retains its superfluid characteristics even at microscopic scales—such as in tiny droplets of helium mist.
“One of the ways that superfluidity manifests is through the formation of quantum vortices, but they have never been experimentally observed in droplets,” says Andrey Vilesov, professor of chemistry and physics at the University of Southern California and co-corresponding author of the study, which appears in Science.
The team found that quantum vortices, or whirlpools, form in spinning helium nanodroplets in unprecedented quantities, leading to extreme deformation of the droplets into flat discs that resemble a thick pancake.
In addition, the group also noticed anomalously large numbers of vortices in the droplets, indicating they even behave differently than other superfluids.
A Peek at Quantum Mechanics
“Now we are able to study this form of matter in a new way that allows us to see how quantum mechanics manifests itself in the motion of an isolated superfluid,” says co-corresponding author Oliver Gessner of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
If a drop of normal liquid spins, centrifugal force pushes the liquid away from the center, leading to equatorial and polar deformation—much like the way the spinning of the Earth makes it deviate slightly from a perfect sphere.
If a planet spins fast enough, it distorts into a peanut shape before flying apart, unable to sustain the strain of its own motion.
Spinning superfluid helium similarly distorts its shape, but also forms a honeycomb consisting of countless quantum vortices, in contrast to the single vortex formed in a normal liquid. The lack of viscosity in the superfluid allows these vortices to persist indefinitely.
As such, in a superfluid droplet, the rotation is evenly distributed in vortices, which allows the droplet to withstand stunningly large rotation speeds without forming lobes or disintegrating.
“Even though it is a liquid, there’s a higher degree of order—and we were able to image that. It’s far beyond what people originally thought free electron lasers were able to do,” says co-corresponding author Christoph Bostedt, senior staff scientist at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
10,000 Droplets
Some speculate that studying superfluids could help understand the origins of the universe; in the moments following the Big Bang, the universe was uniform in density and similar to a superfluid. The creation of density fluctuations in the form of quantum vortices may be what led to the early formation of galaxies.
“A cosmos hides within each helium droplet, and we looked inside over 10,000 of them,” says Curtis Jones, a graduate student at USC.
Vilesov and his colleagues also plan to study how the presence of quantum vortices affects chemical reactions and cluster formation inside helium nanodroplets.
The National Science Foundation, the US Department of Energy, and the Max Planck Society supported the work.
Source: USC. Republished from Futurity.org under Creative Commons License 3.0.
*Image of “water drop“ via Shutterstock
