WINDOW ROCK, Ariz.—With a population of more than 165,000 people, the Navajo Nation is the largest indigenous reservation in the United States, occupying 16 million acres, about the size of West Virginia.
It is a land of stunning desert beauty, with majestic mountains, sandstone canyons, and red-rock formations, and highways that stretch for miles with the rising and setting sun.
The Navajo people keep their native traditions, even as they embrace a modern retail economy and a presidential form of government.
They have many of the same aspirations of education and material success as the rest of the country, and they face the same social issues: poverty, drug abuse, and broken families.
Although not fundamentally partisan, the Navajo tend to vote for Democratic Party candidates.
Many also believe that voting in elections and working with the federal government can help tribal communities grow and prosper.
In 2020, there were 67,000 eligible Navajo voters, the vast majority of whom supported Democrat presidential candidate Joe Biden, who won Arizona by a little more than 10,000 votes.
In the 2024 election, Navajo support for Republican nominee Donald Trump increased, a sign of what some tribal leaders across the country see as a conservative shift in Native American voting patterns.
An Edison Research exit poll showed that the Native American vote was about 65 percent in Trump’s favor nationwide.
According to the same poll, Democratic nominee Vice President Kamala Harris received 48 percent of the vote.
Thirty-one percent of participants identified as Democrats, 28 percent as Republicans, and 6 percent as “other.”
Both presidential candidates campaigned heavily in Arizona, a swing state with a population that is 5.2 percent Native American.
Alastair Lee Bitsoi, staff writer for the Navajo Nation Office of President Buu Nygren, said there was a noticeable uptick in support for Trump among Navajo voters this year.
He said more Navajo voters felt that Trump would be better for the economy and bread-and-butter issues.
“The pulse I heard on the ground was similar to the American patterns of voting. I saw a lot more—especially young men—who were leaning toward Trump,” Bitsoi told The Epoch Times.
“I live on the New Mexico side of the Navajo Nation. That’s traditionally Republican.
“I feel like it’s all money-driven, so a lot of the American influence of how capitalism plays out here in Navajo society.”
The Navajo spirit of independence also factored into the presidential election and support for Trump, he said.
“I feel like the Trump supporters here are mirroring what Trump is echoing out to the masses,” he said. “There are many ways you can argue it. Some Navajo values are Democrat, some will go Republican.”
In Window Rock, Arizona, the government seat of the Navajo Nation, a large blue campaign sign near a Chevron gas station read “Navajos 4 Trump.”
Nearly 67 miles northwest of Window Rock, in Chinle, a large white sign encouraged Navajo voters to “Vote Democratic Not Crazy Republican Trump’s Allies.”
Even though more Navajo voters voiced support for Trump, the differences weren’t as heated or confrontational as in the rest of the United States, Holly James, Nygren’s communications director, said.
James said the Navajo commitment to family and community spirit, known as “k'e,” is considered sacred in matters of culture and politics.
Often, the two don’t mix. But when they do, people try to be polite and united in their culture.
During the 2022 midterm elections, James said there was less visible support for the GOP, “but now, that’s evolved.”
“There used to be a Trump sign here—but now, there are whole booths” supporting him, James said. “People wanting to recruit other Navajo to support [Republican candidates].”
“He shared a message of collective progress and national unity,” Nygren wrote. “Many Navajo Nation members supported his campaign, and this sentiment was evident as I traveled across the Nation on election night.
“The Navajo Nation faces many challenges that require collaboration and meaningful support from our federal leadership. We believe that by working together we can address these needs and uplift our communities.”
Bitsoi said that meeting basic human needs and tribal community development often requires working with all sides of the political spectrum.
“I feel like no matter what—at the basic core of the government—under President Nygren—whether it’s blue or red, at the end of the day, the Navajo people need basic infrastructure—water, power, electricity, and homes,” he said.
“Whether the Republicans can get us that or the Democrats can get us that, it’s at the core of the Navajo Nation and society at this point.”
In January, the Navajo Nation received nearly $89 million through the expanded State Small Business Credit Initiative as part of the post-COVID-19 pandemic American Rescue Plan Act.
The nation will use the funding to implement programs to support Navajo small businesses and tribal enterprises.
“In 2021, Tribal Nations saw historic federal investments, including direct investments and grants,” it stated, listing as the source new legislation, including the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, the American Rescue Plan Act, and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.
“These bills alone total about $53 billion, an enormous increase in funds from previous years.”
Nationwide Trend
Compared with past elections, turnout among the Hopi (population 12,600), located in northeastern Arizona, was higher in the 2024 presidential election.“The issues on the ballot—education, health care, environmental policy, and Indigenous sovereignty—have deep personal impacts for Hopi people and motivated many to make their voices heard.”
The higher turnout is part of a trend seen across Native American communities.
The number of Hopi voters may have risen by as much as 15 percent, which shows both the expansion of voter outreach efforts and a deep commitment to fighting for indigenous people’s rights and community goals through the ballot box, according to the Hopi Times.
The Navajo experience with American settlers, like that of other Native American tribes, has been long and often tragic.
U.S. Army Col. Kit Carson’s scorched-earth policy saw Navajo villages burned and livestock killed, and many people starved to death.
In 1864, U.S. soldiers took 8,000 Navajo men, women, and children and sent them 300 miles to Fort Sumner, New Mexico.
Among the Navajo, it is known as “The Long Walk.” Many died during the trek or in prison.
In 1868, Navajos agreed to return to their land in the Four Corners area, where Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado meet.
The federal government recognizes 574 tribes and 325 reservations in the United States. The Native American population is currently between 4 million and 7 million people.
Tribal communities are sovereign by treaty and are allowed to vote in federal elections under the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, known as the Snyder Act.
James said the COVID-19 pandemic seems to have increased support for the GOP among the Navajo, although the numbers are difficult to quantify.
“Here, in Navajo, we have a lot of variables to weigh,” she said. “We are very much engulfed in our language—who we are as Navajo, our culture—from the smallest grain of sand to the cloud in the sky.
“So sometimes people have taken that it’s popular to be a Republican without educating themselves about what that means.”
James said she thinks some Navajo voters cast their ballots out of a need for “instant gratification,” and she said that the desire for immediate financial relief explains why some voters support different political parties at different times.
The rough terrain and dirt roads that still characterize much of Navajo land made it difficult for many voters to reach a voting center on Election Day.
Many people drove 30 miles to cast their ballots, James said.
The machines that counted votes had problems, and poll workers turned away voters without giving them a temporary ballot to vote elsewhere.
“There were elders in wheelchairs and [using] canes who could not walk. A lot of these facilities were not [Americans With Disabilities Act] compliant,” James said.
“We were taking our neighbors—we were taking everyone. We were all going to vote. They didn’t have a vehicle, or they did, and they only used it to come to town for monthly grocery shopping. It’s used as needed.
“That’s how we do it.
“That’s the everyday. Grandma needs wood. We all rally in that one vehicle to get Grandma what she needs and come back. All of us pitch in in some way.”
James said it took a court order to get an extension to cast ballots and give more temporary ballots.
Keeping Tradition Alive
Each year, Native Americans celebrate their cultural heritage with intertribal gatherings called powwows.Participants donned traditional ceremonial attire, showcasing the cultural legacy of each distinct tribe in the spirit of unity.
“Any Cherokee?” Master of Ceremonies Gabriel Ayala, a member of the Yaqui people of southern Arizona and a classical musician, asked the large gathering. “What about Navajos? Any Lakota out there? Stand up. Be proud!
“It’s going to be a beautiful day, relatives.”
Bill Bradford co-organized the Red Paint Powwow and explained that the gathering was purely a celebration of indigenous culture.
Bradford, the attorney general of the Chiricahua Apache Nation, was the director of Indian Energy at the U.S. Department of Energy under Trump during his first term.
“We have our politics, but our politics are solely oriented towards our people,” Bradford said. “It’s nonpartisan in the sense that anyone who wants to join us is a Democrat, Republican, or Independent.”
“I do know there are shy Trump voters,” he said. “A lot of people wouldn’t tell you. And I also know that, at least from my perspective, in this area, which is not a wealthy area, kitchen table issues matter to a lot of people.”
Bradford said that when tribal communities engage in federal politics, it’s to help the people and community in matters of cultural survival, land reclamation, and community development.
He said that politics is about division, so it is separate from native culture.
“There are ties that bind us more than other social groups. We depend on each other more and always have. So we try to prevent schisms,” Bradford told The Epoch Times.
“I think we also work hard not to make anybody feel that they have to think or speak a certain way—at least, not in our culture.”
Native Voices Rising
There is a saying, Bradford said, that native people are like all other people—“only more so.”They have the same issues and dreams of better lives for their children, but the idea of family is bound to spirituality and traditional beliefs.
“If we lose either—or both—then we’re not really who we are or were anymore,” he said.
“I don’t think you can reach cultural or sovereignty issues without engaging politically. Unfortunately, that runs counter to what most of us would prefer.
“You can economically achieve economic growth and do social justice. If you can figure that out, that’s the key. We want to work with this administration, as we'd want to work with any administration.”
Julius Claw is a member of the Navajo Nation from Utah who sold handmade blankets at the powwow.
Claw, a disabled veteran and a Democrat, said he thought that Harris would win the election.
“A lot of it has to deal with the economy—gas prices, and prices [in general]. They think it has something to do with the Democrats,” he said. “I think that’s why they voted for Trump. I didn’t vote for Trump. I had my reasons, you know?”
Bitsoi said that other influences shifted more Navajo to vote for Trump, and in many ways, Navajo politics reflect the wider non-native society.
Christian Navajo voters saw issues such as abortion, family values, and gun ownership rights as key drivers, along with inflation and the ability to make ends meet.
“A lot of the Republican values still infiltrate through the churches, so that’s another variable,” Bitsoi said. “It could be a lot of things.”
James said: “I think it speaks volumes that people are voting because of what they’re lacking.
“I do believe we’re at a point where we’re educating ourselves—where both the youths and the old are really participating in the outcome.
“I think the [next] four years is really going to push people on how democracy works—how politics works.
“Whatever the hype or the attention is now, I’m grateful for it. We have to educate ourselves and our families.”
The past three presidential elections have shown that the Native American vote is becoming increasingly important in federal elections, especially in the swing states, Bitsoi said.
“We are a force to be recognized—and reckoned with,” he said.
